History and

Structure of
DNA
 What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid or Dna, is a molecule
that contains the instructions an organism
needs to develop, live and reproduce. These
instructions are found inside every cell, and
are passed down from parents to their
children..

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History of
DNA
 1895
●Gregor
Mendel
●Described
generalized a
“units of
set of rules
heredity,”
governing
which are
inheritance,
called genes.
using a pea
plant.
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 1869
●Meischer
isolated DNA
for the 1 st
time

5
 1928
● Injected
● Fred Griffith virulent
discovered bacteria into
transformat mice,
ion resulting in
death.

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 1944
● Avery,
MacLeod, and
● DNA is
McCarty
defined as
isolated the the genetic
“factor” as the material
compound
DNA.

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 1948
● Erwin
● The main
Chargaff
difference is
discovered
the proteins
DNA of all
made by
species are
each
mainly the
individual.
same.

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 1950
● McClintock
published ● She won
proof of the Nobel
transposons, Prize in 1983
“jumping for her work.
genes,” by
using corn.

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 1952
● She was
● Rosalind
able to
Franklin
determine
took x-ray
the relative
pictures of
shape and
DNA
size of
crystals.
DNA.

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 1953
● James
Watson and
Francis Crick, ● They did
working this based on
together at the x-rays
Cambridge, and studies
discovered of Franklin.
the structure
of DNA.
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 1953
● Meselson and Stahl
used a density
centrifugation to
demonstrate semi-
conservative
replication of DNA.

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 1990

● The Human Genome

Project
- A 15-year project designed
to map EVERY gene in the
human body.

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 1997
● Dolly, the
lamb, was the
● She was
1st mammal
cloned at the
to be cloned
Roslin
from an adult
Institute in
using modern
Edinburgh.
techniques of
cloning.

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Structure of
DNA
16
DNA is made up of six smaller molecules -- a
five carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a
phosphate molecule and four different
nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine
and guanine). Using research from many
sources, including chemically accurate models,
Watson and Crick discovered how these six
subunits were arranged to make the the
structure of DNA. The model is called a double
helix because two long strands twist around
each other like a twisted ladder. The rails of the
ladder are made of alternating sugar and
phosphate molecules. The steps of the ladder
are made of two bases joined together with
either two or three weak hydrogen bonds.

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DNA IS A LONG Phosphate

CHAIN OF
Group

NUCLEOTIDES
Nitrogen-
◦ EACH NUCLEOTIDE HAS containing
THREE PARTS: Base

 A NITROGEN-
CONTAINING BASE
(LADDER RUNGS)
 A PHOSPHATE GROUP Deoxyribose
(sugar)
 A DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR MAKE UP
BACKBONE

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 NUCLEOTIDES:
PHOSPHATE – SUGAR – BASE
4 KINDS OF BASES: BASE PARING RULES:

THYMINE ADENINE A pairs with T

CYTOSINE GUANINE G pairs with C

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NUCLEOTIDES
ALWAYS PAIR IN THE
SAME WAY.

◦ The Base-pairing
rules show how
nucleotides pair up in
DNA.

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BECAUSE A PYRIMIDINE (SINGLE RING)
PAIRS WITH A PURINE (DOUBLE RING), THE
HELIX HAS A UNIFORM WIDTH.

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 COVALENT
BOND

G
C
A
T
HYDROGEN
BOND

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