ELECTROPHILIC &

NUCLEOPHILIC
SUBSTITUTION REACTION

Presented by:
1. Umer Ahmed
2. Afshal Amir
3. Haiqua Tanweer
4. Sameed Irfan
Nucleophile:
A reagent which can donate an
electron pair in a reaction is
called a nucleophile.
Nucleophiles are electron rich or
maybe neutral.
They are by definition Lewis
bases.
A nucleophile is represented by Nu-
Examples:
Neutral nucleophile: ROH , 2HO , RCOOH
-
Charged nucleophile: - , I - , F Br
Nucleophilic substitution reaction:
Reaction in which nucleophile atom is
replaced by another nucleophile is
called Nucleophilic substitution reaction.

Example:
In negatively charged nucleophile
 SN1 MECHANISM:
The SN1 reaction is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry. "SN" stands
for nucleophilic substitution and the "1" represents the fact that the rate-
determining step is unimolecular.

The mechanism based on two steps:

1st step:
loss of the leaving group, LG, to generate a carbonium ion, then

_
C LG C+ + LG
2nd
step:
rapid attack of a nucleophile on the electrophilic carbonium ion to form
a new bond

_ +C
Nu Nu C
 EXAMPLES:
Formation of tertiary butanol:

1st step: formation of carbonium ion

2nd step: nucleophilic attack

3rd step: deprotonation

 EXAMPLES:

Formation of an alkyl halide:

SN2 MECHANISM:
Mechanism of nucleophilic
subtitution in which rate of reaction
depends upon two molecule.
The departure of the leaving
group occurs simultaneously
with the backside attack by
the nucleophile.
It is a single step reaction.
It is also called bi molecular
reaction

Rate expression for

these reaction is
Rate = k [R I] [Nu ]
Example ofSN2 reaction