CHAPTER 8: SALTS

WHO IS SALT ?
 APA
W HITU
O I SGARAM
S A L T ??

Sebatian ion – terbentuk apabila ion

hidrogen, H + daripada acid digantikan
oleh ion logam @ ion ammonium, NH 4+
REFER TEXT BOOK : PAGE 138
CONTOH :

digant
Na + Na+ Cl-
ions logam Sodium chloride
H Cl Natrium klorida

digant
NH4 +
NH4+ Cl-
Ion Ammonium
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium klorida
SALTS CONSIST ANION PART COMES FROM THE ACID WHILE
CATION PART COMES FROM BASES
Common
anions
Common cations (parent acids)

HCl
Na +
Ca 2+
Mg 2+
Fe 2+

HNO3
K +
Al 3+
Zn 2+
Cu 2+

H2CO3
NH4 +
Pb 2+
Fe 3+

H2SO4
METAL ION DISPLACE H+ ION IN ACIDS
Metal Sulphate Chloride Carbonate Nitrate
ion salts salts salts salts
+ H2SO4 + HCl + H2CO3 + H2NO3
Na + Na2SO4 NaCl Na2CO3 NaNO3
Mg 2+ MgSO4 MgCl2 MgCO3 Mg(NO3)2
Cu 2+ CuSO4 CuCl2 CuCO3 Cu(NO3)2
Al 3+ Al2(SO4)3 AlCl3 Al2(CO3)3 Al(NO3)3
 All nitrate salts ; soluble salts
Aluminium Barium Calcium Silver Iron(III)
nitrate, nitrate, nitrate, nitrate, nitrate,
Al(NO3)3 Ba(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3

Lead(II) Potassium Sodium Copper(II)

nitrate, nitrate, nitrate, nitrate, ALL
Pb(NO3)2 KNO3 NaNO3 Cu(NO3)2 NO3-

SOLUBLE
SALT
 All Na+, K+, NH4+ salts ; soluble salts
Ammonium Potassium Sodium Potassium Ammonium
carbonate, carbonate, carbonate, sulphate, sulphate,
(NH4)2CO3 K2CO3 Na2CO3 K2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

Potassium Sodium Potassium Sodium

nitrate, nitrate, chloride, chloride, ALL
KNO3 NaNO3 KCl NaCl Na+, K+, NH4+

SOLUBLE
SALT
 All carbonate salts ; insoluble salts
Magnesium
carbonate
Calcium
carbonate
Silver
carbonate
EXCEPT
Potassium Sodium
MgCO3 CaCO3 Ag2CO3
carbonate Carbonate
K2CO3 Na2CO3
Other names[hide]
Silver(I)Carbonate

Copper(II) Zinc Manganese(II)

carbonate Ammonium
carbonate carbonate
MnCO3 carbonate ALL CO32-
CuCO3 ZnCO3 (NH4)2CO3 INSOLUBLE
SALT
EXCEPT
Na+, K+, NH4+
 All SO42-, Cl- salts ; soluble salts
EXCEPT EXCEPT
Lead(II) Calcium(II)
Silver(I) Lead(II)
sulphate sulphate
Chloride Chloride
AgCl PbCl2 PbSO4 CaSO4

EXCEPT Barium
Mercury(II)
sulphate
ALL
Cl-
Chloride
HgCl2 Pb2+ Pb2+ BaSO4
ALL
SO42-
SOLUBLE Ag+ Ca 2+ SOLUBLE
SALT SALT
Hg2+ Ba2+
 Iron(II) Magnesium Zinc Sodium
Chloride Chloride Chloride chloride,
FeCl2 MgCl2 ZnCl2 NaCl

Copper(II) Copper(II) Aluminium(II) Potassium

Chloride sulphate sulphate chloride,
CuCl2 CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 KCl
 SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
SALT SALT
PbSO4
ALL SO4 2-
CaSO4
BaSO4 ALL
ALL NO3-
ALL Cl - CO32-
AgCl
PbCl2
ALL
Na+, K+, NH4+

CLASSIFICATION OF SALTS
 PREPARATION OF SALTS

SOLUBLE SALTS INSOLUBLE SALTS

NEUTRALISATION OTHER METHOD PRECIPITATION

ACID + ALKALI ACID + METAL SOLUBLE SALT +
SOLUBLE SALT
ACID + METAL OXIDE
Sodium ,Na salts
[SPA]
+

Potassium, K+ salts ACID + METAL

Ammonium, NH4+ salts INSOLUBLE SALT
CARBONATE
& SOLUBLE SALT
OTHER SOLUBLE
SALTS
 PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS
[ SODIUM SALTS / POTASSIUM SALTS / AMMONIUM SALTS ]

NEUTRALISATION REACTION
EXAMPLE
PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

H Cl K OH K Cl H2 O
ACID ALKALI SALTS

TITRATION METHOD – FIND OUT THE EXACTLY VOLUME OF ACID REQUIRED TO

NEUTRALISE ALKALI.
END POINT – POINT WHEN INDICATOR CHANGES COLOUR DURING TITRATION

NOTE : CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME OF ALKALI ARE KNOWN.

LET DO THIS:
PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
APPARATUS : Pipette 25mL, Burette 50mL, Conical Flask 250 mL
MATERIALS : Potassium hydroxide 1.0 M, Hydrochloric acid 1.0 M, Phenolphthalein

Slowly adding the

Fill a burette
Use a pipette to acid into the
with
transfer 25.0 cm3 of conical flask and
hydrochloric
potassium swirls- until the
acid and
hydroxide solution indicator turns from
record the
to a conical flask. pink to colourless.
initial
Add 2 to 3 drops of Record the volume
burette
phenolphthalein reading.
of acid used. (V
cm3)

Colourless KOH Record the burette Record the final burette

turn to pink. reading in 2d.p reading in 2d.p
PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
START OVER AGAIN BUT WITHOUT INDICATOR :
To get the pure and neutral salt solution

Pipette 25.0 cm3 From the RECRYSTALLISATION PROCESS

of the same burette, add [PURIFIED SOLUBLE SALTS]
potassium exactly V cm3 HEATING/EVAPORATE
hydroxide solution of hydrochloric
into a conical acid to the
flask. alkali and COOLING
Do not add any swirls and
indicator. shake well. FILTRATION

DRY
Solution salt contains
impurities continuous with
recrystallisaton process C R Y S TA L S A LT
 PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS
[ OTHER SALTS EXCEPT Na+, K+, NH4+]

OTHER METHOD : DISSOLVE METAL IN ACID

Metal/ metal oxide/
metal carbonate Pour 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid
into a beaker. Warm the acid
Use a spatula to add
Glass rod copper(II) oxide powder bit by Excess
bit into the acid. Stir the unreacted metal
(residue)
Acid mixture well. Continue adding
copper(II) oxide until some of Evaporating
basin with salt
it no longer dissolves(excess solution (filtrate)
unreacted metal
Solution salt contains
See the change of metal solid impurities continuous with
colour and dissolve recrystallisaton process
 RECRYSTALLISATION PROCESS [PURIFIED SOLUBLE SALTS]

HEATING/EVAPORATE COOLING

Salt
solution
Evaporating
basin

Crysta
l salt
 RECRYSTALLISATION PROCESS [PURIFIED SOLUBLE SALTS]

FILTRATION DRY C R Y S TA L S A LT

These physical characteristics:

• Regulars geometry shapes,
such as cubic or hexagonal.
Rinse Glass rod
• Flat faces, straight edges and
with sharp angles.
distilled • Same angle between adjacent
water faces.
Salt Cystals Filter
Paper

The crystals are filtered

and rinsed with a little
cold distilled water.
 PREPARATION
NEUTRALISATION OF SOLUBLE
DISSOLVE SOLUTE IN
REACTION SALTS ACID
HEATING
1ST TITRATION WITH INDICATOR
DISSOLVE METAL IN
FIND VOLUME OF ACID
TRANSFER TO ACID
EVAPORATING
2ND TITRATION NO INDICATOR BASIN EXCESS METAL NOT DISSOLVE
GET PURE SALT COMPLETE REACT
RECRYSTALISATION
HEATING/EVAPORATE

COOLING
FILTRATION
DRY

C R Y S TA L S A LT
 PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
[ ALL CARBONATE SALTS except Na+/K+/NH4+ ]
PbSO4 / CaSO4/ BaSO4/PbCl2/ AgCl ]

PRECIPITATION REACTION
EXAMPLE PREPARATION OF LEAD(II) CHLORIDE

Pb NO3 Na Cl Pb Cl2 Na NO3

SOLUBLE SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
SALTS SALTS SALTS

DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION METHOD – TWO AQUOUES SOLUTIONS/SOLUBLE SALTS WERE

MIX TOGETHER INTERCHANGE TO PRODUCE TWO NEW COMPOUND WHICH IS INSOLUBLE
SALT OR PRECIPITATE, AND AQUEOUS SOLUTION/SOLUBLE SALTS
PRECIPITATION REACTION two aquoues solutons/soluble salts were mix together

[one of the [one of the

solutions solutions
contains the contains the
cations of the anions of the
insoluble salt] insoluble salt]

the ions of the two aqueous solutions above interchange to produce

two new compound which is insoluble salt or precipitate, and
aqueous solution
 Glass Glas
Distilled s rod
Mixture solutions rod water
PRECIPITATION REACTION

Filter paper Precipitate

(residue) Precipitate
(residue)
Filter
Retort funnel
stand Aqueous
Solution
(filterate)
Filtration : Remove solution from Rinse : remove other ions from
precipitate precipitate

FILTRATION RINSE
 FLOW CHART :
PREPARATION OF
Precipitate Filter paper INSOLUBLE SALTS
PRECIPITATION REACTION

/Soluble
salts MIX - STIR
TWO SOLUBLE SALTS
Dry : Dried by pressing between two
pieces of filter paper.
FILTRATION
REMOVE FILTRATE

RINSE
REMOVE OTHER IONS

DRY
PRESS BETWEEN FILTER PAPER
 PREPARATION OF SALTS
REMEMBER : METAL ION DISPLACE
HYDROGEN ION IN ACID TO FORMED SALTS
HCl [H+/Cl-]
METAL / AMMONIUM ION
Hydrochloric acid
Na+ Ca2+ Zn2+ HNO3 [H+/NO3-]
Nitric Acid
K+ Al3+ Pb2+
H2SO4 [2H+/SO42-]
NH4+ Mg2+ Cu2+ Nitric Acid
H2CO3 [2H+/CO32-]
Fe3+ Fe2+
Nitric Acid
SUMMARIES OF REACTION Method/Reaction Reason Type of
Salts
(Metal)
Neutralisaton Most salts of sodium, Na+
(Titraton method) potassium, and ammonium
Alkali + Acid  Salts + Water K+
ions are soluble.
NH4+
Metal Displacement More electropositive metal Ca2+
Metal + Acid  Salts + Hydrogen can be displaced hydrogen Mg2+
ion from acid.
Al3+
Zn2+
Metal oxide + Acid  Salts + Hydrogen Less electropositive metal Mostly
not be displaced hydrogen Cu2+/Pb2+
ion from acid.
/Ag+

Metal carbonate + Acid  Salts + Water + metal carbonate is a solid All above
Carbon dioxide that cannot dissolves in except
 EXTRA INFO : REMEMBER
Reactive metal is magnesium, aluminium, and zinc. Unreactive
metal is iron, lead, silver

Metal that is less reactive from hydrogen such as copper, lead

and silver did not react with dilute acid.

Soluble salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium can be

prepared by the reaction between an acid and alkali.
 EXTRA INFO : REMEMBER
Metal, metal oxide and metal carbonate is a solid that cannot
dissolves in water, hence during reaction that solid must be added
excessively to make sure all hydrogen ions in acid is completely
reacted. Excess solid can be expelling through filtration.

Unreactive metal such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag) cannot
react with dilute acid. So to prepare salt contains lead ions (Pb2+), copper
ions (Cu2+) or silver ions (Ag+), we must use either oxide powder or
carbonate powder only.

Impure soluble salt can be purified through crystallization process