Metabolism in

Herbivores
By :
1. Anastasia rani pitaloka(18820032) 4. Melania Da Krowe
(18820037)
2. Hanifah syahidah(18820050) 5. cris
3. Jesica frisilia makolit(18820094) 6. kak aryanto
 METABOLISM

METABOLISM IS THE PROCESS OF THAT OCCURS IN LIVING ORGANISMS TO MAINTAIN LIFE. IT

CONSISTS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO NUTRIENTS THAT ARE ABLE TO BE ABSORBED AND
USED BY THE BODY. METABOLISM ITSELF OCCURS IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS, FROM BACTERIA
TO FUNGI TO PLANTS AND ANIMALS. THE DIFFERENCE IS ONLY IN HOW EACH ORGANISM
HANDLES THE METABOLISM, AS EACH DIFFERENT CREATURE HAS DIFFERENT BODY CHEMISTRY,
WHICH IN TURN MEANS THAT THEY HAVE DIFFERENT METHODS IN METABOLIZING FOOD.

IN THIS PRESENTATION, WE WILL DISCUSS METABOLISM IN HERBIVORES, MORE SPECIFICALLY,

MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES.
Herbivores

Herbivores are animals that eat only plants. Unlike

carnivores and omnivores, herbivores obtain their protein
from plants instead of meat. Due to this, they have a
different process to metabolize the different source of
protein.

In this presentation, we will discuss the metabolism of

protein, lipid, and carbohydrates in ruminants.
Ruminants possess a unique skill in processing feed
with low nutritional value into high quality starch.
This conversion process is caused by the microbial
fermentation process that occurs in the rumen. This
process extracts nutrients from food through various
metabolic processes carried out by microorganisms.
Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are compounds that are formed from

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. As one type of nutrient,
the main function of carbohydrates is energy producer in
the body. Every 1 gram of carbohydrate consumed will
produce energy of 4 kcal and energy as a result of the
oxidation process (combustion) This carbohydrate will then
be used by the body to run various its functions, such as
breathing, heart and muscle contractions, as well as for
carry out various physical activities, such as exercising or
working
 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM PROCESS

In the cytoplasm glucose will experience glycolysis, which is the event of breaking sugar
into ATP. There are two gikolisis pathways, namely the normal path for normal life activities
or activities with limited ATP results and fast track glycolysis known as the Embden
Meyerhoff lane to provide fast ATP for hard work activities, such as running fast. This
pathway results in lactic acid which, if it continues to grow, can cause lactic acidosis.
The results of glucose oxidation through glycolysis will be continued in the crab cycle
which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix section. Furthermore, the results of the kreb cycle
will be used in the couple system using cytochrome and ending with the use of oxygen as
an H ion capture.
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Ruminant
Animals
Ruminansia is a poligastric that has a front stomach which
consists of:
1. reticulum (stomach mesh),
2. rumen (stomach towel),
3. omasum (book belly), and;
4. the abomasum (glandular stomach).
 Reticulum
The reticulum is the most cranial part of the stomach
(compartment). This compartment inside is covered by a mucous
membrane which contains intersecting ridge which divides the
surface into a surface that resembles the surface of a honeycomb.
In the reticulum fermentative digestion occurs, the normal pH of
the reticulum is 7.
Rumen

Rumen microorganisms play an important role in

the rumen. Foods that enter complex degrades
into poisaccharides such as cellulose,
hemicellulose, VFA or Volatile Fatty Acid supply 55-
56% of the energy needs of these livestock.
Microbes also synthesize vitamin B complex which
is needed by these animals.
The breakdown of carbohydraates in the rumen through two stages, namely:
■ Breaking complex carbohydrates into simple sugars
■ Breaking down simple sugars into essential fatty acids, especially acetic
acid, propinic acid, and butyric acid
 Omasum

The connection between the omasum and the abomasum is

an arrangement of folds of the mucous membrane "vela
terminalia" which probably acts as a valve to prevent the return
of materials from the abomasum to the omasum. The function
of this part is to filter smaller feed particles, therefore there
are five types of lamina or leaves, each of which has thorns.
Abomasum
Abomasum, abomasum according to Siregar (1994), is
referred to as a true stomach because in this area
there are digestive glands which play a role in the
process of breaking down nutrients. The digestive
process in the front stomach occurs microbially.
Microbes play an important role in solving food.
Whereas in the true stomach enzymatic digestion
occurs because the stomach has many glands.
 Protein metabolism
Protein is a material that forms living things. Organic
catalysts or commonly called enzymes and important parts of
the nucleoprotein.
 especially in ruminants

The protein consumed by ruminants in the rumen will experience 2

important processes, namely:
1. Hydrolisis
2. deamination
1. Hydrolisis

In the rumen the feed protein will undergo

hydrolysis into an oligopeptide by
proteolytic enzymes produced by rumen
microbes. Oligopeptides will then be
converted to produce peptides and
amino acids that can be used by some
rumen microbes for their growth.
2. Deamination

Subsequent amino acid metabolism is the

degradation of proteins by bacteria, the
main result of which is ammonia and its
side VFA. ammonia is used for microbes as
a source of nitrogen for body protein
formation
Protein digestion in the small intestine
Protein that enters finely comes from microbial proteins, feed
proteins that escape degradation in the rumen and endogenous
proteins
liver

small amino
body tissue
intestine acids
energy
sources
Lipid Metabolism

Lipid metabolism in Ruminants undergo two

processes:
1. Lipolysis
2. Hydrogenation
LIPOLYSIS