VECTOR

GROUP 8th
Fandi Indrawan
Siti Azkiyah
Siti Su’aeni Riziq
The Meaning of Vectors

Vectors in Plane and Space

Operation of Vectors

Projection of a vector on another vector

 The Meaning of vector
In mathematics vectors are
described as directional lines. The
direction from the initial point to
the terminal point, while the
distance from the initial point to
the terminal point is called the
vector length
A vector can be expressed by two capital as . In this case,
𝐴𝐵
A is called the initial point and B in the terminal point.
Besides a vector can also be expressed by one lower cas a
or ՜.
𝑎
Draw a displacement vector whose magnitudes
and directions are the magnitude of a
displacement is 3 𝑐𝑚, its direction is 45° toward
positive 𝑋 axis.
Solution:

Example:
A vector in (𝑅2 ) means a vector on
a plane or that having only two
components namely x and y. For
example vector 𝑎 = 23 or vector
𝑎 = 2,3 . A vector is also called a
two-dimensional vector.

Vector In Plane (𝑅 ) and

2

Space (𝑅 )
3
A vector in 𝑅3 means one lying
in a space or that having three
components namely 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 for
example 𝑏 = 1,2,3 . A vector
in 𝑅3 is also called three-
dimensional vector.

Longitudinally downward
notation is called column vector
and one wich is longitudinal to the
side ways is called row column
Position Vector
Position vector is a vector whose initial point O(0,0). The
position vector of point 𝐴 is 𝑂𝐴 atau 𝑎.Ԧ If point 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is in
𝑥
𝑅3 , the position vector of point 𝐴 is 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑦 .
𝑧
The length of vector 𝑎Ԧ or the magnitude of vector 𝑎Ԧ can be
determined as follows:
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
If vector 𝑎Ԧ is a two-dimensional vector,
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Consider figure in the beside!
The position vector 𝐴𝐵 can
be determined by:
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 − 𝑎Ԧ =
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑧2 𝑧1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
The length of 𝐴𝐵 can be
determined by:
|𝐴𝐵| =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2
 Unit Vector
Unit vector is a vector whose length or magnitude is one. The
unit vector of vector 𝑎Ԧ is:
𝑎Ԧ
𝑒Ԧ𝑎 =
|𝑎|
Ԧ
The unit vector of X, Y, Z axis respectively are 𝑖Ԧ, 𝑗Ԧ, 𝑘 where:
1 0 0
𝑖Ԧ = 0 ,Ԧ𝑗 = 1 , 𝑘 = 0
0 0 1
The unit vector in 𝑅2 adalahԦ𝑖 = 10 ,Ԧ𝑗 = 01
Consider the beside figure!
Figure shows point O as the
initial point of coordinate and
point R is the terminal point of
the vector. The vector
represented by 𝑂𝑅 is called
position vector of point R(2,3)
whose symbol is 𝑟. Ԧ In the form
of linear combination vector 𝑟Ԧ
is written 𝑟Ԧ = 2Ԧ𝑖 + 3Ԧ𝑗, in the
form of column vector it is
written 𝑟Ԧ = 23
Equality Of Two Vector

Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitudes and
directions. If their magnitudes are equal, but direction are
opposite, it is called inverse vector. The inverse vector of 𝑎Ԧ is −𝑎.
Ԧ
It is worth considering that a vector does not depend on
its location, but on its magnitude and direction.Algebraically, two
vectors are called similiar if their components are similiar. So:
𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 ↔ 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 , 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 , 𝑎3 = 𝑏3
𝑎3 𝑏3
It is worth considering that a vector does not
dipend on its location, but on its magnitude and
direction.
Algebraically, two vectors are called similiar if
their components are similiar. So
𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 ↔ 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 , 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 , 𝑎3 = 𝑏3
𝑎3 𝑏3
Example:
𝑥 1
Find 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 if 2 = 𝑦
𝑧 3
Solution:
𝑥 1
2 = 𝑦 then 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑧 = 3
𝑧 3
Operations Of Vectors
Operations of vectors consist of addition,
substraction, scalar multiplication by vector,
ratio and scalar multiplication of two vectors
1.Addition of Vector
Addition of two vectors can be performed in
two methods, namely parallelogram and
triangle rules.
  Parallelogram Rules
By parallelogram rule, 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏
is obtained by disposing the
initial point of vector 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 in
coincidence, then forming a
parallelogram of 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏. 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏
is the parallelogram diagonal
whose initial point is the initial
point of 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏
 Example
2
Given that 𝑎Ԧ = 1
and 𝑏 =
1
3
. Find 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏.
Solution :
From the figure we see that 𝑎Ԧ
+ 𝑏 = 34
If it is not drawn, it can be
solved by way of:
2 1 2+1 3
𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 = 1
+ 3
= 1+3
= 4
 Triangle Rule
By using the triangle rule, 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏
is obtained by disposing the
terminal point of vector 𝑎Ԧ
coincidence with the initial point
of vector 𝑏. Then join the initial
point of 𝑎Ԧ to the terminal point
of 𝑏 .The additional principle of
triangle rule can be used to sum
up more than two vectors.
Example.
Given some vectors drawn on the left.
Find a vector which represent 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅
+ 𝑅𝑆
Solution :
𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑃𝑆
Example
Without drawing, find the result of 𝐴𝐵 +
𝐵𝐾 + 𝐾𝐿 + 𝐿𝑇
Solutions :
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐾 + 𝐾𝐿 + 𝐿𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇
 The properties of vector addition
The addition of any vectors 𝑎Ԧ , 𝑏 , 𝑐Ԧ has the
following properties.
1. Commutative
Consider figure 6in the following

Figure 6.10 (a) shows that 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 or 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏

represented by 𝐴𝐶. Likewise, figure 6.10(b) shows
that 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 or 𝑏 + 𝑐Ԧ represented by 𝐴𝐶.
Therefore, 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎,
Ԧ so that the following
commutative property in vector addition, is valid .
𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎Ԧ
2. Associative
Consider figure on the right
Figure shows that vectors 𝑎, Ԧ 𝑏, and 𝑐Ԧ respectively are
represented by 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝐷.
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 = ( 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 ) + 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 =
𝐴𝐷
or ( 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 ) + 𝑐Ԧ are represented by 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 ( 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 ) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐷 =
𝐴𝐷
or 𝑎Ԧ + ( 𝑏 + 𝑐Ԧ ) are represented by 𝐴𝐷
therefore, the following associative property in
vector addition is valid
𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 + 𝑐Ԧ = ( 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 ) + 𝑐Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + ( 𝑏 + 𝑐Ԧ )
3. The existence of identity element
In the addition of vectors, and identity element, that is zero
vector ( 0 ) is found. A vector added up with zero vector will
result in the vector itself. In other words, an addition with
zero vector is constant.
Suppose 𝑎Ԧ is represented by 𝐴𝐵 and 0 is represented by
𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵, then 𝐴𝐵 or 𝐵𝐵 then 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 or 𝑎Ԧ + 0
= 𝑎Ԧ and 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 or 0 + 𝑎Ԧ and 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 or 0
+ 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎,
Ԧ so that it obeys
𝑎Ԧ + 0 = 0 + 𝑎Ԧ
4. Having a negative vector ( additive inverse)
Suppose AB represent a and BA represent b, then AB +
BA = AA so that a + b = O, and BA + AB = BB so that
b+a=O
Vector a is additive inverse of vector b or vice versa. It
can be written that a = -b and b = -a.
Therefore, a + (-a) = O, -a is called additve inverse of a .
Adding two vectors or more algebraically, means adding the
components of the given vectors. Suppose given that
vectors 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑥1 𝑖Ԧ + y1 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑧1 𝑘 and 𝑏 = 𝑥2 𝑖Ԧ + y2 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑧2 𝑘
In the form of column vectors they become

𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑦1 and 𝑏 = 𝑦2
𝑧1 𝑧2
The components of vector 𝑎Ԧ are 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
and 𝑧1 , the component vector 𝑏 are 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
and 𝑧2
2. Subtraction
a- b = a + (-b)
Consider the figure the right!
Scalar product of vector 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏
is a real number which is determined
by formula:

𝑎Ԧ . 𝑏 = |𝑎|
Ԧ . | 𝑏| cos𝜃

Where 𝜃 is an angle formed by both

vectors.

Scalar Multiplication of Two

Vectors
Example:
Given that a = 4, b = 5, and angle between both vectors is
600 find a . b !
Solution:
a . b = a . b cos  = 4 . 5 . Cos 600 = 4 . 5 . ½ = 10
• By applying formula

and formula of casine law, it can be proven that if

a= (a1 a2 a3 ) and b= (b1 b2 b3 )
Then a.b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
• Example:
• Find a.b if a = I + 2j + 3k and b = 2i – 3j – 5k
• Solution:
• a.b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
• = 1 . 2 + 2 . (-3) + 3 . 5 = 2 – 6 + 15 = 11
 • 4). Having no identity element
1). Commutative
since there isn’t vector x so that
a.b = b.a
a.x=a
2). Distributive
• 5). Having no inverse, because
a . ( b + c ) = a.b + a.c
3). Not Assosiative • a . B are not vector so that
a.(b.c)=(a.b).c
inverse element is impossible to
be found.

The Properties Of Scalar

Multiplication Of Two
Vectors
• Example:
• Given that vectors a and b from an angle of 1200 if
• a = 3 and b = 4 find  a + b .
• Solution:
• ( a + b ) . (a + b ) =  a + b   a + b  cos 00
• a . a + 2a . b + b . b =  a + b 2 . 1
• 3 . 3 cos 00 + 2 . 3 . 4 cos 1200 + 4 . 4 . cos 00 =  a + b 2
• 9 – 12 + 6 =  a + b 2 , so  a + b  = 13
 • If vector a is projected on vector b,
the result is a vector which is on
the same line as vector b.
• Suppose c is the projection result
of vector a on vector b then:
•

Projection of a vector on
another vector
 • Solution:
• Find the scalar
• Scalar projection of a
projection and vector
on b is :
projection of
• c = =
• a = ( 5, 6, -1 )
• =
• b = ( 2, 1, -2 )
• =6

Example
Thanks for your
attention……