Polar Covalent

Bonds
 I. Polar Covalent Bonds:
Electronegativity
II. Polar Covalent Bonds: Dipole
Outline Moments
III. Formal Charges
IV.Resonance
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

1.Which of the following element is

more electronegative?
A. Li or H Ans. H
Review B. B or Br Ans. Br
C. Cl or I Ans. Cl
D. C or H Ans. C
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

2. Use the δ+/δ- convention to indicate

the direction of expected polarity for
each of the bonds indicated.
Review A. H3C–Cl

B. H3C–NH2

C. H2N–H
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

3. Lookat the following electrostatic

potential map of chloromethane, and
tell the direction of polarizationof the
Review C―Cl bond:

Chloromethane
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

Engage
• strongly polar substances are often
II. Dipole soluble in polar solvents like water
Moments • less polar substances are insoluble in
water.
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

Ho w can you measure

molecular
II. Dipole polarity?
Net molecular polarity is
Moments measured by a quantity called
the dipole moment
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

dipole moment can be

thought of in the following
II. Dipole way: assume that there is a center of
Moments mass of all positive charges (nuclei)
in a molecule and a center of mass of
all negative charges (electrons). If
these two centers don’t coincide, then
the molecule has a net polarity.
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

The dipole moment, µ (Greek mu):

II. Dipole magnitude of the charge Q at either

Moments end of the molecular dipole times the
distance r between the charges

Dipole moments are expressed in debyes (D),

where 1 D =3.336 x 10-30 coulomb meter (C .
m) in SI units.
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

For example,
1. the unit charge on an electron is 1.60 3
10219 C. Thus, if one positive charge
II. Dipole and one negative charge are separated
by 100 pm (a bit less than the length of
Moments a typical covalent bond), what is the
dipole moment?
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

II. Dipole
Moments
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

II. Dipole
Moments
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

• Carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, and benzene

have zero dipole moments.

II. Dipole
Moments
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

• Make a three-dimensional drawing of

methylamine, CH3NH2,a substance
responsible for the odor of rotting fish, and
show the direction of its dipolemoment (µ =
II. Dipole 1.31).
Moments
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

• Strategy
Look for any lone-pair electrons,
and identify any atom with an
electronegativity substantially
II. Dipole different from that of carbon.
Moments (Usually, this means O, N, F, Cl,
or Br.) Electron density will be
displaced in the general direction
of the electronegative atoms
and the lone pairs. Solution
Methylamine contains an
electronegative nitrogen atom
with a lone-pair electrons. The
 Electronegativity Dipole Moments Formal Charges Resonance

Exercise
Look for any lone-pair electrons,
and identify any atom with an
electronegativity substantially
II. Dipole different from that of carbon.
Moments (Usually, this means O, N, F, Cl,
or Br.) Electron density will be
displaced in the general direction
of the electronegative atoms
and the lone pairs. Solution
Methylamine contains an
electronegative nitrogen atom
with a lone-pair electrons. The