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BIOLOGY
THE CELL 2
LECTURER: BÙI HỒNG THỦY

GROUP 3
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GROUP 3

MEMBERS
1. NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG NHUNG

2. LÊ PHAN KỲ DUYÊN

3. LÝ MINH NGUYỆT

4. TRƯƠNG THỊ MINH CHÂU

5. ĐOÀN NGỌC THẢO VY

6. PHAN NGỌC MAI VY

7. GIANG THỊ THANH HƯƠNG

8. TRẦN TRỌNG NGHĨA

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Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication
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Knowledge Testing 1
Name the three stages of cellular respiration?
1 For each, state the region of the eukaryotic
cell where it occurs and the products that
result?
In general terms, explan the role of the
2 electron transport chain in cellular
respiration?

Where and how respiratory electron transport

3 chain creates a proton gradient?

Distinguish between fermentation andanaerobic

4 respiration. Distinguish between obligate and
facultative anaerobes
 Name the three stages of cellular respiration 5

The reactions of cellular

respiration can be
devided into three
stages:
For each, state the region of the eukaryotic cell where
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it occurs and the products that result?

THE KREBS CYCLE Electron

GLYCOLYSIS (THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE) transport chain

State the
Takes place in Takes place in Takes place in
region of the cytosol of the matrix of the inner
the the cytoplasm. mitochondrion. boundary
membrane of
eukaryotic mitochondrion.
cell

Result 2 ATP and 2 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 38 ATP.

NADH. FADH2, 8 NADH.
In general terms, explan the role of the electron
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transport chain in cellular respiration?

Transporting electron to
release the energy which
is created proton
gradient (between two
space of mitochondria
separated by
mitochondria's matrix)
by mean of pumping into
space between two
mitochondria's matrixes
creating a thermodynamic
state and this state is
carrying electric
potential to execute
activities.
Where and how respiratory electron transport chain
creates a proton gradient? 8

The respiratory system (also

respiratory apparatus,
ventilatory system) is a
biological system consisting
of specific organs and
structures used for gas
exchange in animals and
Overall
plants. respiration process:

Organic compounds + O2
 CO2+H20 + Energy (in form of ATP)
E Where and how respiratory electron transport
L 9
E chain creates a proton gradient?
C
T
R
O An electron transport
N chain (ETC) is a series of
complexes that transfer
T electrons from electron
R donors to electron
A acceptors via redox (both
N reduction and oxidation
S occurring simultaneously)
P reactions, and couples
O this electron transfer
R with the transfer of
T protons (H+ ions) across a
membrane of cell
C
H
A
I
N
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WHERE IS IT
HAPPENED?
• In eukaryotes an important electron
transport chain is found in the inner
mitochondrial membrane where it serves
as the site of oxidative
phosphorylation through the action of
ATP synthase.

• It is also found in the thylakoid

membrane of the chloroplast in
photosynthetic eukaryotes.

• In bacteria, the electron transport

chain is located in their cell
membrane
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HOW DOES IT
WORK?
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DISTINGUISH
BETWEEN
FERMENTATION Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration
AND ANAEROBIC Refers any group of chemical Refers to a type of cellular
RESPIRATION reactions induced by respiration that occurs in the
micoorganisms to convert sugars absence of oxygen
into carbon dioxide and athanol

An extracellular process An intracellular process

Induced by low oxygen Occurs in the absence of oxygen

concentrations
Glycolysis does not follow citric Glycolysis follow citric acid cycle
acid cycle and electron transport and electron transport chain
chain
Total ATP production is 2

Enzymes extracted from the Enzymes extracted from the cells

fermenting cells can process the cannot process the ancarobic in an
reaction in an extracellular medium extracellular medium
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Overview of
ethanol
fermentation
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Glucose breaks
down without
oxygen.

The chemical
reaction
transfers energy
from glucose to
the cell
Produces lactic
acid, rather than
carbon dioxide
and water

Obligate
Obligate means to be restricted to a
particular characteristic
There is two types of faculative
organisms: obligate aerobes and obligate
anaerobes
Can survive in the presence of oxygen
while obligate anaerobes can survive in
the absence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobes only live inside the
host
Parasites can survive without the host
Efficiency of the energy production in
facutative organisms is high
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Facultative Anaerobes
Facultative refers to the ability to live
under more than one specific
environmental condition
There is only one type of faculative
organism: facultative anaerobes
Can survive with the presence or
absence of oxygen
Live in the external environment as well
as inside the host
Parasites only survive in the presence of
the host
Efficiency of the energy production in
obligate organisms is less
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Knowledge Testing 2
Describe the similarities and differences between oxidative
1 phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation
in chloroplasts

Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle.

2 Describe the major consequences of photorespiration

3 Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that

minimize photorespiration?
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The process by which

electrons from NADH and
FADH2 are transferred to
O2 molecules through a
series of electron
carriers/protein complexes
in order to generate ATP
from ADP for the cell’s
energetic needs
Mission
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In the process of
photosynthesis, the
phosphorylation of
ADP to form ATP
using the energy of
sunlight is called
photophosphorylation
 The similarities :
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Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

• Both photophosphorylation and oxidative

phosphorylation are processes cells use to
make energy in the form of ATP.
• in both cases electrons are transferred
through a series of membrane proteins.
• the electrons provide energy to pump
protons (H+) to one side of the membrane.
• the protons flow back through a special
enzyme (ATP-synthase) which makes ATP.
 The differences :
Oxidative Phosphorylation and
Photophosphorylation:
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Occurs during respiration
Inside mitochondria
ATP is produced from ADP and
inorganic phosphate by utilizing energy
released during electron transport.
Molecular O2 is required for terminal
oxidation.
ATP molecules produced are released
into the cytoplasm and these energy
molecules are used to carry out various
metabolic reactions of the cell.
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PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Occurs during photosynthesis
Inside chloroplast
Sunlight is the external energy source
for photophosphorylation
Molecular O2 is not required for
photophosphorylation.
ATP molecules produced are used to fix
CO2 to carbohydrates in dark reaction.
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Convert CO2 into sugar

• ATP
• Providing chemical energy for energy-
consuming reactions that make C6 sugars in
the Calvin cycle
• NADH
• A carrier of hydrogen combined with the intermediate
compounds in synthesis of C6 sugars.
• The reducing agent that adds high-energy electrons to
form sugar.
Calvin Cycle 22

 The chemical reactions

that convert carbon
dioxide and other
compounds into glucose.

 Occuring in the stroma.

 Using ATP and NADH to

reduce carbon dioxide to
sugar.
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• Photorespiration is a metabolic
pathway that consumes O2, evolves
C02
• It generates no ATP, it consumes ATP.
It produces no sugar. It counteracts
what normal plants do.
• Fostered on hot dry bright days (close
stomata)
• In the desert, some species have
evolved alternate modes of carbon
fixation that minimize
photorespiration (C4 and CAM)
Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations
that minimize photorespiration 24

C4
• Many are tropical grasses.
• Have an alternate means of fixing
carbon.
• C4 plants fix carbon before out in the
cytoplasm before it enters the Calvin
Cycle.
Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations
that minimize photorespiration 25

CAM
In the CAM pathway, carbon dioxide
reserves are created (temporal isolation) in
order to improve CO2 binding to Rubisco
• CAM plants are adapted to arid
environments where water loss is high
and stomata must remain closed during
the day
• The CO2 is converted into a 4C
compound during the night, when
stomata are open and CO2 is able to
diffuse into the leaf
• This allows reserves of CO2 to be created
for use during the day, when stomata are
closed and O2 cannot be released
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BASIS FOR
C4 PATHWAY CAM
COMPARISON
Cells involved Mesophyll cell, Both C3 and C4 in
bundle sheath cells. same mesophyll
cells.

Example Sugarcane, Sorghum Cacti, orchids.

and Maize.
Can be seen in In tropical plants Semi-arid condition.

Types of plants Mesophytic. Xerophytic.

using this cycle
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BASIS FOR
C4 PATHWAY CAM
COMPARISON
Photorespiration Not easily detectable. Detectable in the
afternoon.
For the production 12 NADPH and 30 ATPs 12 NADPH and 39
of glucose are required. ATPs are required.

First stable product Oxaloacetate (OAA). Oxaloacetate (OAA) at

night, 3 PGA at
daytime.
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Knowledge Testing 3
List two advantages of a multistep pathway in the
1 transduction stage of cell signaling. Compare and
contrast G protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine
kinase receptors, and ligand-gated ion channels.

2 Explain how an original signal molecule can

produce a cellular response when it may not even
enter the target cell.

3 Describe the role of apoptosis in normal

development and degenerative disease in
vertebrates.
The Three Stages of Cell Signaling 29
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Two advantages of a multistep pathway in the transduction

stage of cell signaling

1 2

Mulitstep pathway can Mulitstep pathway

provide more
amplify a signal opportunities for
regulation
and
coordination
Receptors in the Plasma Membrane 31

G protein-coupled receptors Tyrosine kinases receptors Ligand – gated Ion channel

receptors
 Compare and contrast G protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase
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receptors, and ligand-gated ion channels.

G protein-coupled receptors Tyrosine kinases receptors Ligand – gated Ion channel

receptors
7 different protein segments Part of the receptor protein is A protein pore in cellular
Description that cross the membrane, and tyrosine kinas - an enzyme that membranes that opens or
transmit signals inside the cell can transfer a phosphate group closes in response to a
through a type of protein from ATP to a protein in a cell. signaling chemical. Allowing
1 a G protein.
called or blocking the flow of
specific ions.
Location
Plasma membrane Plasma membrane Plasma membrane
Open to allow ions such as
G protein + GTP actives Activate multiple cellular Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to
Functional
pass through the membrane in
enzyme responses at once. response to the binding of a
chemical messenger.
 cell response.

Timescale Fast ( Seconds ) Slow ( Hours ) Very fast ( Miliseconds )

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Explain how an
original signal
molecule can
produce a cellular
response when it
may not even enter
the target cell.
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Describe the role of apoptosis in normal development and
degenerative disease in vertebrates

Normal
Cancer
development
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