Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
CE3601

Lecture # 6
21rd Feb 2012

Flexural Analysis and

Design of Beams
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section
When tensile stress cross fr, crack appear on the tension
face of beam.
 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
 All the concrete on the tension side of N.A. is neglected.
Concrete

N.A

Steel
Only the Shaded area of cross-section is considered effective.
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section (contd…)
b εc fc
kd Cc
N.A.
h d
nAs la = jd
fs T = Asfs
Cracked εs Internal Force
Transformed Section Stress Diagram Diagram
Strain Diagram

When the tension side is cracked the concrete becomes ineffective

but the strains goes on increasing. The steel comes in to action to
take the tension.
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section (contd…)
b
Calculations for“k”, taking top face as reference
kd
d
kd = [b x kd x kd/2 + nAsd]/ [b x kd + nAs] nAs
Cracked
b x (kd)2 + nAs kd = b x (kd)2/2 + nAsd Transformed Section

b x (kd)2/2 = nAsd - nAs kd

b x (kd)2/2 = (1-k) nAsd
bd2/2 k2 = (1-k) nρbd2 ρ = As / bd
k2 = 2(1-k) nρ
k2 + 2nρ k - 2nρ = 0
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section (contd…)
b
k2 + 2nρ k - 2nρ = 0 kd
d
nAs
k = [ -2nρ ± √ (4n2ρ2 + 8nρ) ] /2 Cracked
Transformed Section

k = [ -nρ ± √ (n2ρ2 + 2nρ) ]

k = √ (n2ρ2 + 2nρ) -nρ

Taking only positive value as distance can’t be negative
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed
fc
Section (contd…)
Value of “j” b

jd = d – kd/3 Cc
kd
J = 1 – k/3 N.A
d
jd
Cc = volume of stress diagram
Cc = ½ kd x fc x b

Cc = fc/2 x kdb T = Asfs

T = Asfs = nfcAs
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section (contd…)
Resisting Moment Capacity
For longitudinal equilibrium
T = Cc
Mr = T x jd = Cc x jd
Mr = Asfs x jd = fc/2 x kdb x jd ------------- 1
FOR MAXIMUM VALUE RESISTING MOMENT
Put in eq-1
fs = 0.5 fy for grade 300 steel
fs = 0.4 fy for grade 420 steel
fs = Maximum allowable tensile stress in steel
fc= 0.45 fc’
fc = Maximum allowable concrete stress
Concluded