Micro Grid and its Protection

Micro Grid and its Protection

M. Ashraf Mehmood Roll No.01
Nazir Ahmad Gopang Roll No.05
Kashif Maqbool Roll No.15
M. Yaqoob Qasmani Roll No.38
Introduction to Micro Grid
 What is Micro Grid?

• It is a small-scale power supply network that is

designed to provide power for a small community.

• It enables local power generation for local loads.

• It comprises of various small power generating sources

that makes it highly flexible and efficient.
Introduction to Micro Grid
 What is Micro Grid?

• It is connected to both the local generating units and the

utility grid thus preventing power outages.

• Excess power can be sold to utility grid.

• Size of micro grid may range from housing estate to

municipal regions.
Introduction to Micro Grid
 Conventional Grid vs. Micro Grid

• Efficiency of conventional grid is very low as compared

to Micro Grid.

• Large amount of energy in the form of heat is wasted

in conventional grid.

• Power sources in case of micro grid are small and

located in close proximity to load.
Introduction to Micro Grid
Types of Micro Grids
 Remote “off-grid” Micro grids

These micro grids never connect to the Utility Grids and

instead operate in an island mode at all times because
of economical issue or geography position. Typically, an
"off-grid" micro grid is built in areas that are far
distant from any transmission and distribution
infrastructure and, therefore, have no connection to the
utility grid.
Types of Micro Grids
 Military Base Micro Grids

These Micro Grids are being actively deployed with

focus on both physical and cyber security for military
facilities in order to assure reliable power without
relying on the Utility Grids.
Types of Micro Grids
 Commercial and Industrial (C&I) Micro Grids

Main reasons for the installation of an industrial Micro

Grid are power supply security and its reliability.
There are many manufacturing processes in which an
interruption of the power supply may cause high
revenue losses and long start-up time.
Basic Components in Micro Grids
 Local Generation

It presents various types of generation source that

feed electricity to user. These sources are divided into
two major groups – conventional energy sources (ex.
Diesel generators) and renewable generation sources
(e.g. wind turbines, solar).
Basic Components in Micro Grids
 Consumption

It simply refers to elements that consume electricity

which range from single devices to lighting, heating
system of buildings, commercial centers, etc. In the case
of controllable loads, the electricity consumption can be
modified in demand of the network.
Basic Components in Micro Grids
 Energy Storage

In microgrid, energy storage is able to perform multiple

functions, such as ensuring power quality, including
frequency and voltage regulation, smoothing the output
of renewable energy sources, providing backup power
for the system and playing crucial role in cost
optimization. It includes all of electrical, pressure,
gravitational, flywheel, and heat storage technologies.
Basic Components in Micro Grids
 Point of common coupling (PCC)

It is the point in the electric circuit where a micro

grid is connected to a main grid. Micro grids that
do not have a PCC are called isolated micro grids
which are usually presented in the case of remote
sites (e.g., remote communities or remote industrial
sites) where an interconnection with the main grid
is not feasible due to either technical and/or
economic constraints.
Advantages & Disadvantages
 Micro Grid Advantages

A major advantage of Micro Grid, is its ability, during

a utility grid disturbance, to separate and isolate itself
from the utility seamlessly with little or no disruption to
loads within the Micro Grid.
 In peak load periods it prevents the utility grid failure
by reducing the load on the grid.
 Significant environmental benefits made possible by use
of low or zero emission generators.
Advantages & Disadvantages
 Micro Grid Advantages

 The use of both electricity and heat permitted by the

close proximity of the generator to the user, thereby
increasing overall energy efficiency.

 Micro Grid can act to mitigate the electricity costs to its

users by generating some or all its electricity needs.
Advantages & Disadvantages
 Micro Grid Disadvantages

 Voltage, frequency and power quality are the three

parameters that must be considered and controlled to
the acceptable standards whilst the power and energy
balance is maintained.
 Synchronization with the utility grid is difficult.

 Micro Grid protection is one of the most challenges

facing the implementation of Micro Grid.
 Micro Grid Protection

 Muhammad Yaqoob Qasmani

 Roll No. 38
Micro Grid Protection
 Micro Grid Protection
Over-Current Protection
It is single actuating quantity relay which is fed by
Current Transformer and reacts when the current
exceeds beyond a preset limit.

Types of Over-Current relay

 Definite time over-current relay

 Inverse time over-current relay
 Instantaneous over-current relay
Micro Grid Protection
 Micro Grid Protection
 Distance Protection

Some utilities install distance relays (ANSI 21) for

line protection. The distance relay compares the
fault current against the voltage at the relay
location to calculate the impedance from the relay
to the faulty point.
 Micro Grid Protection
Distance or Impedance Relay
Impedance relay is double actuating quantity relay
and works on the principle of

Z=V/I
Where Z=R+ jX

During fault, the voltage decreases and current

increases and hence impedance decreases and falls
into the operating region of impedance relay and relay
operates to initiate trip signal to Circuit Breaker.
 Micro Grid Protection
 Differential Protection

Differential over-current protection relays (ANSI 87)

are mainly used to protect an important piece of
equipment such as distributed generators and
transformers.
Micro Grid Protection