Binding energy of

Quarkonia
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
 Elementary Particles

Leptons hadrons

𝑒 − , µ− , Ʈ − 𝑒 + , µ+ , Ʈ+
Mesons Baryons

Pion, π Kaon, K Eta, η

Nucleon Lambda, λ Sigma, σ Xi Omega, Ω
 Leptons and Hadrons
Elementary particles are classified into two classes, Leptons and Hadrons, depending on whether they
respond to the strong interaction ( hadrons ) or do not ( leptons ).

Leptons
 Affected only by the electromagnetic ( if charged ), weak, and gravitational interactions.
 structureless.

Hadrons
 Subjected to strong interactions.
 Occupy space rather than being infinitesimal in size. Little over 1fm.
 Composed of either two or three “Quarks”. Hadrons consists of three quarks are known as Baryons and that
consists of two known as Mesons.
 Hadrons
Mesons ( light weight )
 First discovered by Yukawa in 1934.
 These are bosons and consists of a quark and an antiquark and about 140 types are known.
 Yukawa meson was pion were first known in 1947 by Powell and his coworkers.
 e.g. Pion, Kaon, Eta. Etc. They all have spin zero.
 Pseudoscalar Mesons having intrinsic spin is 0.
 Vector Mesons having intrinsic spin is 1.

Baryons ( heavy weight )

 These are fermions and consists of three quarks and about 120 types are known.
 E.g., Proton, Neutron, lambda, sigma, Xi, omega. They all have spin ½.
Quarks

 Quarks were first discovered by Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1963.

all baryons are consists of three quarks and mesons are consists of a quark and an antiquark.
 Each baryon (B=1) is made of three quarks , the baryon number of a quark must be 1/3 and baryon number of an
antiquark must be -1/3.
 Quarks have an additional property of flavor. There are six flavor of quark; up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom,
each having difference in their masses.
 Quarks have never been found in an isolated state, they are always in two or three.
 Gluons are an elementary particles that holds quarks together.
Leptons and Quarks family
LEPTONS QUARKS

Generation flavor charge Mass,MeV Generation flavor charge Mass,MeV

first e -1 0.511 first d (down) -1/3 9.9 ± 1.1

0 ~0 u (up) 2/3 5.6 ± 1.1
ᵞe
second µ -1 106 second s (strange) -1/3 199 ± 33
0 ~0 c (charm) 2/3 1350 ± 50
ᵞµ
third Ʈ -1 1777 third b (bottom) -1/3 ~ 5000
0 ~0 t (top) 2/3 ≥ 90000
ᵞƮ
 M.I.T. Bag Model
 Developed in 1974 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 It models spatial confinement only
 Quarks are forced by a fixed external bag pressure B, to move only inside a given spatial region
 Quarks occupy single particle orbitals
 The shape of the bag is spherical, if all the quarks are in ground state
 Quarks are treated as massless particles inside a bag of finite dimension and consists of infinite mass outside
the bag.
 confinement is due to the balance of the bag pressure B, directed inwards and stress arising from the kinetic
energy of quarks.
 since the quarks are confined in the bag, gluons should also be confined. Hence, their will be no change of
color between quarks.
 Plasma
 Fourth fundamental state of matter.
 Created by heating a gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field applied with a laser or
microwave generator.
 Increase in number of electrons, creating positive or negative charged particles called ions .
 Presence of non negligible charge carriers make plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly
to electromagnetic field.
 Plasma do not have definite shape or volume, but under the influence of a magnetic field it may form the
structures such as filament, beams and double layers.
 Described as an electrically neutral medium of unbound negative and positive particles (i.e. overall charge
of the plasma is roughly zero).
 although unbound, these particles are not ‘free’ in sense of not experiencing any force. When charge
moves they generate electric currents with magnetic field and are affected by each others field.
 Quark – Gluon Plasma
 As described by MIT bag model, quarks(massless) are confined in a bag of finite length exerting inwards
pressure B, on quarks.
 The bag pressure B, is balanced by stress arising from the kinetic energy of quarks.
 If the kinetic energy of quarks is greater than inward bag pressure, the stability breaks and bag pressure
cannot confine the quark matter contained inside it. Thus, quarks will be deconfined outside the bag.
 A new phase of matter containing quarks and gluons in an unconfined state outside bag is then possible.
 This new phase is known as Quark-Gluon Plasma and is created when large pressure by quarks exceeds
bag pressure B.
 Large pressure arises due to when, 1) when the temperature of matter is high and, 2) when the baryon
number density is large.
 Quark-Gluon plasma at high temperature
 Total pressure of an ideal quark – gluon plasma is given by :
𝑔𝜋2 4
𝑃= 𝑇 g=37
90
37𝜋2 4
𝑃= 𝑇
90
 energy density of quark gluon plasma at temperature T is :
37𝜋2 4
𝜖= 𝑇
30
 The critical temperature at which quark gluon pressure is equal to bag pressure B is given by :
𝑇𝑐 = (90/37𝜋 2 )1/4 𝐵1/4
 If the quark matter inside the bag is heated up with the temperature greater than that of Tc, the pressure
of quark matter will greater than bag pressure.
 Quark matter inside the bag will be deconfined.
 Quark-Gluon Plasma at high baryon
density
 Quark matter inside the bag consists of high baryon density.
 As density of quark increases, momentum of quark increases. Thus quark gas acquires a pressure due to
degeneracy of quark gas and this pressure increases with quark density.
 Increase density leads to increase pressure of quark matter inside the bag and if the pressure of quark
matter is greater than bag pressure B, quarks gets deconfined.
 The critical baryon number density is given by :
4 𝑔𝑞 1 1
𝑛𝐵 = ( 2 )4 𝐵 4 where, 𝑔𝑞 is the degeneracy of quark
3 24𝜋
 If the baryon density of quark is greater than 𝑛𝐵 , then quark matter inside the bag will be deconfined and
the new phase of quark-gluon plasma will be created outside the bag.
Binding energy of heavy Quarkonia
• ionization energy used to break the atoms into its constituents particle.
• equal to energy liberated when nucleus is created from other nucleons or nuclei.
• J/ᴪ is bound state of charm and anti-charm, (c𝑐)ҧ
•𝛾 𝑏𝑏ത is the bound state of bottom and anti-bottom.
• J/ᴪ has a rest mass of 3.0969 GeV/𝑐 2
• 𝛾 has the rest mass of 9.46 Gev/𝑐 2
• At T ≠ 0 , distance between peak position and continuum threshold
Ebin = 2mc,b + V∞(T) −M
 Binding energy of heavy quarkonia
• Solution of Schrodinger equation : Bohr’s famous formula
EI mq 2
En   2 ; EI 
n mD 4

• energy depends on temperature as it on Debye mass.

𝐿𝑂 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑓
• 𝑚𝐷 =𝑔 𝑇 𝑇 +
3 6

𝐿 𝐿𝑂
• 𝑚𝐷 = 1.4𝑚𝐷
 Graph between Debye mass verse temperature

temperature (T) dependence on Debye mass for leading order and lattice parameterize for pure gluonic,flavor, 2-
flavor, 3-flavor respectively
 graph between binding energy and temperature for J/ᴪ

The temperature dependence of J/ψ binding energy (in GeV) in units of critical temperature Tc. The left,
middle, and right panel of the figure represents 0-flavor, 2-flavor, and 3-flavor QCD, respectively
 graph between binding energy vs. temperature for 𝛾

The temperature dependence of 𝛾 binding energy (in GeV) in units of critical temperature Tc. The left, middle, and
right panel of the figure represents 0-flavor, 2-flavor, and 3-flavor QCD, respectively
 Conclusion and Result
• We have studied the temperature dependence of the binding energy of the ground state
of charmonium and bottomonium in the pure gluonic state and realistic QCD medium.
•We have shown from the graph of Debye mass dependence on temperature as we go from
pertubative to non perturbative terms the debye mass will increases as temperature is
increases.
• we have shown from the graph for binding energy as the temperature are increases then
the binding energy was decreases.
• Finally, It is clear from the graph that as the Debye mass is increases then binding energy is
decreases.
Dissociation temperature for heavy
quarkonia
• If the binding energy of a cc and bb state at some temperature becomes smaller than the
mean thermal energy then the state is said to be dissociated into its constituents. Since the
(relativistic) thermal energy of the partons is 3T. hence the dissociation temperature TD of
the nth QQ bound state will be

mq 2
4
 3TD
mD (TD )
 References:
 Arthur Beiser. Concept of modern Physics, (Elementary particles).
 David Griffith. Introduction to Elementary Particles, (tables, Particles data).
 Cheuk yin Wong. Introduction to heavy ion collision, (Quarks, Gluon and Quarks-Gluon Plasma).
 Google. (Plasma).
 Journal – Dissociation of quarkonium in hot QCD medium: Modification of inter-quark potential. By Vineet
Agotiya, Vinod Chandra, and Binoy. k. Patra
 Comments on Quarkonium Binding and Dissociation. By Helmut Satz.
 Review article.strongly interacting QGP and quarkonium suppression at RHIC and LHC energies. By Vineet
Agotiya. Lata Devi, Uttam Kakade, Binoy Krishna Patra.