Basic Physic

• Force
• Work
• Torque
• Power
• Efficiency
• Gear Box
 Force
Definition: a force is any cause that can modify the
state of a body

Caracteristics intensity in Newton

Direction
Direction
Direction way
Application
force
intensity
Application point

APPLICATION POINT
 Force addition
F
Fv
vertical component

Force F is split between one

horizontal force and one vertical force

Fh
horizontal component

Force F alone has the same

effect as Fh and Fv together.
 Projection
Fv

F
Fh=F*cosine Φ
Fv=F*sine Φ
A Φ
Fh
 Reeving System
f f n Lines
Drilling line travels through travelling block
and crown block sheaves . This is called the
f f REEVING SYSTEM.

1M D

Without efficiency
Active line tension=P/n
& Active line Speed=V*n
 Work
a work w is performed whenever a force
F displaces its application point over a
distance d, in the same direction
A F A F
Force
direction

POSITION 1
d POSITION 2
 Work
Formula: W=F*d

Unit: JOULE (J) for the international system

- FOOT-POUND (ft.lbs) for English system
KILOGRAMETER (Kgm
 Torque

Definition:
The torque is a product of a distance
by the projection of the force on the
perpendicular to the distance

MUnits: METER-DECANEWTON (mdaN) is the international system

FOOT PER POUND (ft.lbs) is the English system
METER KILOGRAM
 Power
Definition:
The power is the amount of work that can be done in 1
second

Unit: Watt is the international system (W = 1 J/s)

Horse Power (HP) is the English system
1 CV= 0.736 Kw=75 m.kgf/s
Kilogram meter/second = Kgm/s
Horse power (french) = CV
Relation ship Torque/power

French system
N *T
P
P: Cv
T: M.DaN
703 N: RPM

English System
N *T
P P: HP
T: ft.lbs
5250 N: RPM
 Efficiency

Efficiency  output power

input power

As output power is always lower than input power, efficiency will always be lower
than one.
The better the mechanical system, the closer to one the efficiency.
 Gear Box
DRAWWORK
DRIVING MOTOR

Speed V The maximum power of

2
Speed V
Torque T
Torque = a motor is obtained at a
2T
rated speed
To increase the driving
d 2d 2d torque available with
motor running at a
rated speed, we need
to use a gear box
 Gear Box Ratio

Gear Gear
A B

Speed gear A Number of teeth B

GearBoxRatio  
Speed Gear B Number of teeth A
SpeedA * Na TorqueA * Nb
SpeedB  TorqueB  * Efficiency
Nb Na
 Sheaves
ØA
ØB

A B

SpeedSheaveA B
Ratio  
SpeedSheaveB A

SpeedA * A TorqueA * B
SpeedB  TorqueB  * Efficiency
B A
 Pressure
Definition: The pressure exerted by a body on the
ground is equal to the ratio of the weight F over the
surface contact

Force
PRESSURE 
Surface
Unit: PASCAL (1N/m²) is the international system 1 P = 1 N/m²
PSI (1 = lb/inch²) is the English system. 1 PSI = 1b/inch²
BAR (=105 Pa) 1 BAR = 105 Pa
KILOGRAM FORCE/CM² (kgf/cm²)
 Mariotte’s Law
Only applied to gaz
Pressure*Volume = n*R*T
But if don’t take into account the temperature effect:

P.V=Constant
We can generally write P1*V1=P2*V2

The pressure at any point in a fluid acts equally

in all direction
Accumulator
Accumulator is a
device made for store high
pressure fluid in order to
operate all the Blow Out
Preventers functions.
 Calculation
If the bottle iss at 3000psi,
so with Mariotte’s law,
This bottle is
this volume is
precharged at 1000
psi, so if the bottle is V3000=V2000*1000/3000=3.33 gal
a 10 gal one, this gas
And fluid volume=10-3.33=6.66 gal
is 10 gal at 1000psi

The usuable fluid between Pgaz=1200psi

3000 and 1200 psi will be Vgaz=10*1000/1200
So Vhydraulic= 1.66 gal
Vu=5 gal
 Application
We’re are using a accumulator precharged at
1000 psi, the working pressure is 3000 psi
The total volume of a bottle is 10 gal…

Calculate the usuable per bottle fluid between

a)3000 and 2000 psi
b)3000 and 1500 psi
 Correction
At 1000psi Vgaz=10gal
At 3000psi Vgaz=10*1000/3000=3.33gal
=> Vfluid=10-3.33=6.66 gal

a)At 1500psi Vgaz=10*1000/1500=6,66 gal

=> Vfluid=10-6.66=3.33 gal
Usuable fluid= 6.66-3.33 = 3.33 gal

b)At 2000psi Vgaz=10*1000/2000= 5gal

=> Vfluid= 5 gal
Usuable fluid = 6.66-5 = 1.66 gal
 Density
The weight (or specific weight) of a liquid is the
weight of an amount of this liquid. SW  W
V
Unit: Kg/dm3 French Unit
Pounds Per Gallon US unit

Example The specific gravity is the ratio of

weight of a liquid by the weight of the same
Oil SG  oil weight
water weight  0.8 kg / dm 3
1kg / dm 3
amount of water , in the same condition of
temperature and pressure
Unit: Specific gravity comes without units
 Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure at any point in a fluid is the INTENSITY of
force on the fluid at that point.

This pressure only depends on the liquid height. It is

proportional to the liquid height; that is to say, it is
proportional to the vertical distance between surface
and bottom

A A A

Hydrostatic pressure at depth

H B for the 3 columns is the
same (vertical distance is the
same)
B B B
 Hydrostatic pressure
The Force on the fluid at the point Q is also the force due to its
own weight.So Hydrostatic pressure is directly proportional to
the specific gravity

Formula:
Z *D
French unit: P in bars P
Z in meters 10.2

P  0.052 * MW * Z
US unit: P in PSI
MW in p.p.g.
Z in feet
 Application
1 - Calculated the hydrostatique pressure
creates by a mud with a density 1.02 at a
verticale depth of 2000m
2 - Which density can create 254 bar at the
same depth
Surface
3-
We’re drilling a deviated well with a mesured
45° depht of 2000m, with a angle from the surface
of 45°, what’s the bottom hole pressure..
 Correction
1- P= Z*D/10.2 = 2000*1.02/10.2 = 200 bar

2 – P=Z*D/10.2 => D=P*10.2/Z

D= 254*10.2/2000=1.2954
3 – We’ve to calculated the true vertical
depth, so TVD=MD*cosine45°=1414.2 m
BHP=Z*d/10.2=173.3 bar
The Bottom Hole Pressure
(BHP) will be egal to sum
of all hydrostatic pressure

B.H.P
Application
1 - We are circulating a heavy pill in the annulus
of a verticale well.
Da=1000m Wa=1.2
Db=100m Wb=1.7
Dc=1000m Wc=1.2
What’s the hydrostatic pressure created ?

2 – We know that if the bottom hole pressure of a

2000m TVD well, drops under 200 bars, we
can have a kick.
What’s the maximum allowable height of gas?
Data TVD=2000m
dgas=0.2
dmud=1.2
 Correction
1 – BHP = 1000*1.2/10.2 + 100*1.7/10.2
+1000*1.2/10.2 = 252 bar

2 – If we call the high of the gas x, finally the height

of mud will be 2000-x so
Phmud+Phgas = 200
=> (2000-x)*1.2/10.2 + 0.2*x/10.2 = 200
=> 2000*1.2/10.2-1.2*x/10.2+0.2*x/10.2=200
=> 235.30-x/10.2=200
=> X = (235.30-200)*10.2 = 360 m
 U tube
Usually, the wellbore and the drillstring will be
compared to a U-tube
 With the same fluid in both sides:

Hydrostatic Pressure A= Hydrostatic Pressure B

With two differents fluids

PhA=0.052*(MW1*H1+MW3+H3)
PhB=0.052*MW1*H2
And PhA=PhB
The difference of hydrostatic pressure between
annulus side and inside side, its called U-Tube effect
Here Utube effect=0.052*(MW1-MW3)*H3
 U Tube Effect

The Utube Effect is the difference of hydrostatic pressure

between annulus side and internal side

Utube  SumPhAnnu  SumPhint

 Application
Calculated the Utube effect create by pumping 100m
of a heavy mud (MW=1.6) in a 2000m well with a origin
mud weight=1.2

Utube=2000*1.2/10.2-(100*1.6/10.2+1900*1.2/10.2)
Utube= -3.92 bar
It means that the annulus side is lighter than the internal side
=> the level in the drill pipe will drop in order to balance
both side, in order to loose this 3.92 bar
Height of drop = 3.92*10.2/1.2=33.3m
 Hydrodynamic

Consider a horizontal pipe with two manometers A and B in which a fluid is

circulating (figure 1.3.) It is found that the pressure at A is greater than the pressure at B.
The pressure difference Pc = PA – PB corresponds to the pressure loss between A and B.

Pressure Loss Direction

Fluid direction

Pressure losses in a pipe are created by the resistance of the fluid to friction
between the moving fluid and the walls of the pipe and between different fluid streams
moving at different velocities.
With: PC: Pressure Loss L: Lenght of Pipe
d: Density D: Diameter of Pipe
Q: Flowrate
This formula is approximately correct for turbulent flow but is
not true for laminar flow
 Application
Calculate pressure loss for each case:
1- MW=1.5 => Pc=100 bars
MW=1.2 => Pc=????
2- Q=1000l/mn=> Pc=100 bars
Q=2000l/mn => Pc=????
3- D=1” => Pc=100 bars
D=2’’ => Pc=????
 Correction

1 – Pc=100*1.2/1.5 = 80 bars

2 – Pc=100 * 20002/10002 = 400 bars

3 – Pc=100*15/25 = 3 bars
 For Homogeneous fluid
We say that:
Choke
PLsurf :pressure loss of surface lines
PLdp :pressure loss inside drill pipe
PLdc :pressure losse inside drill collars
Drill pipe PLbit :Pressure loss of the bit
Ploh :Pressure loss in the open hole
PLcsg :Pressure loss in the csg
PLck :Pressure loss of choke
Casing

Open Hole C.P.=Sum of PL

Drill Collar
Circulating Pressure Pressure Loss

Bit
 Application
We want to know the circulating pressure
with the data below:
PLsurf :2 bars
PLdp :5 bars
PLdc :5 bars
PLbit :80 bars
Ploh :4 bars
PLcsg :4 bars
What’s the circulating pressure ?
 Correction
CP = sum of pressure lisse
= 2+5+5+80+4+4= 100bars
For Non homogeneous fluid

C.P.=Sum of PL+Utube effect

 Application
Using the same data than the last exercice, calculate the
circulating pressure when we’re pumping a heavy mud
Data:
Well TVD 3000 m
Initial mud density 1.2
Heavy mud density 1.8
Height of heavy mud, is half way in the drill pipe=1000 m
Circulating pressure ?
 Correction
The first step to do is to recalculate the pressure loss:
Psurface line=2*1.8/1.2= 3 bars
Pressure loss in drill pipe=Pldp1.8+Pl1.2
Pldp1.8=0.5*5*1.8/1.2=3.75 bars Heavy mud is at
the middle of DP
PLdp1.2=0.5*5=2.5 bars
Sum of pressure loss = 3+3.75+2.5+5+80+4+4=102.25 bars
The second step is to calculate to Utube effect
Utube effect = 1000*(1.8-1.2)/10.2=58.82 bars
=>CP = 102.25-58.82 = 43.43 bars
 Bottom Hole Pressure
While circulating BHP is created by the
annulus side

BHP= Phydro(annulus) + PLannulus

 Link BHP - CP

We can also have a control of the

bottom hole pressure using the circulating
Mud Flow

pressure

BHP = CP + Phydro - PLint

PLint

BHP
Remember
BHP while circulating is only creates by the
annulus side, not by the internal side…