NCM 100

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
NURSING
 LEADER:
ONTOLAN, DONNA ROSE E.

MEMBERS:
MORALDE, MARY ALTHRENS
REMANDO, SHYRIL
■ PERSONAL

Died: August
Born: July 13,1925 10,2012 (87)
Sutton, Nebraska U.S
Omaha, Nebraska U.S

Diploma in Nursing Ph.D. in cultural and social

– St. Anthony’s Anthropology Respiratory
School of nursing University of Washington Insufficiency
1965
1948

BSN- Masteral (psychiatric

mental health nursing)
St. Scholastica The catholic University
College 1950 of America 1954
 Professional

Appointed Professor of
Nursing And Anthropology
University of Colorado
1966

Professor of Nursing, Recognition for outstanding public

Lecturer in Anthropology
University of Washington
School of Nursing
1969-1974
Adjunct Professor of Anthropology
institutional school of nursing in
University Of Utah College of the U.S
nursing
(University of Washington)
1974-1980 1973

Dean of Nursing Professor Emeritus in the

University of Washington college of nursing
School of Nursing (Wayne State University
1969-1974 1995
■ AWARDS

1990
• Women in Science Awards (California State University)

1981
• President’s Award for excellence in teaching.

• The board of Governor’s Distinguished Faculty award.

• The Gershenson’s Research Fellowship award.
■ BOOKS PUBLISHED

Culture Care Diversity and Universality (1991)

 Transcultural Nursing (1995)
 Transcultural Nursing (2002)
- Derived from the discipline of anthropology conceptualized
the theory to be relevant to nursing.
• Care
• Caring
• Cultural Care
• World View
• Cultural and social structure dimensions
• Environmental Context
• Ethnohistory
• Generic (folk/lay) care system
• Professional care systems
• Health
• Care preservation/maintenance
• Cultural care accommodation/negotiations
• Cultural care patterning/Restructuring
• Cultural Congruent (Nursing) Care
■ Symbolizes the rising of the sun (care)
■ The upper portion of the circle delineates parts of the social structure and world
view factors that impact care and health through language and condition. These
factors influence the folk, professional and nursing system(s), Which are in the lower
of the model.
■ The two halves together form a full sun, which represent the universe that nurses
must consider to appreciate human care and health.
■ The nursing subsystem can act as a bridge between the folk and personal health
systems through the three types of nursing care actions; cultural care preservation,
cultural care accommodation, and cultural repatterning.
- Leininger favors ethnomethods as the
desired and meaningful approach to study
care
■ NURSING
A learned humanistic and scientific profession and
discipline focused on human care phenomena and caring
activities.

Culturally congruent (nursing) care is defined as those

cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative or enabling
acts or decisions.
■ PERSON
Humans are universally caring beings who survive in a
diversity of cultures through their ability to provide the
universality of care in a variety of ways according to differing
cultures, needs and settings.
■ EDUCATION/HEALTH
A state of well-being that is culturally defined, valued
and practiced and which reflects the ability of individuals
(or groups) to perform their daily role activities in culturally
expressed, beneficial and patterned lifeways.
■ ENVIRONMENT
Society or environment are not terms that are defined by
Leininger but she instead speaks of worldview, social structure
and environmental context.
.
■ Care is the essence of nursing and a distinct, dominant , and unifying focus care
(caring) is essential for well being, health, healing, growth survive and to face
handicaps or death. Culture care is the broadest holistic means to know & explain ,
interpret, and predict nursing care phenomena to guide nursing practices. Nursing is
a transcultural, Humanistic, and scientific care discipline and profession with the
central purpose to serve human beings worldwide.

■ Caring is essential to curing and healing for there can be no curing with caring
Culture care concepts, meanings , expressions, patterns, processes, and structure
forms of care are different (diversity) and similar (towards commonalities or
universalities.) among all cultures of the world every human culture has lay (generic,
folk or indigenous) care knowledge and practices and usually some professional
care knowledge and practices which vary transculturally.
■ Leininger’s Theory is derived from anthropology and nursing but
is reformulated to become transcultural nursing theory with a
human care perspective.
■ The qualitative approach is used to develop the basic and the
substantive grounded data-based knowledge about cultural care
to guide nurses in their work

A substantive area of study and practices of individuals or groups of

similar or different cultures with the goal of providing culture-
specific and universal nursing care practices.
■ PRACTICE
-Accepted in the nursing practice

Communities are becoming more multicultural, and

health personnel are being expected to respond to client’s
diverse cultural needs.
■ EDUCATION

- Since 1980, an increasing number of nursing curricula emphasize

transcultural nursing and care.

■ RESEARCH

- Several research nurses are testing transcultural nursing in US and

other countries. Many cultures have been studied utilizing this theory.
 A deceased Vietnamese child,
RESEARCH whose entire extended family
A Mexican-American woman late accompanied him at the
to her appointment. The patient emergency department and
explained her situation: lack of covered his head with a white
transportation, child care, and sheet. The family’s actions
directions. However, the hospital confused nurses and doctors,
staff did not understand the especially with the number of
woman’s hardship and did not mourning family members
accommodate the patient. present, making providers feel
Consequently, the highly upset uncomfortable. The transcultural
patient sought a local healer nurse would have realized that the
instead of pursuing mainstream scenario was a spiritual tradition
healthcare. performed by the Vietnamese in
times of family misfortune

A Chinese man was told to drink

cold water without alternative
beverages being offered. He
refused it and was then told if he
did not drink the water that he
would require intravenous fluids.
The patient’s daughter
subsequently needed to explain to
the staff that her father preferred
hot tea as an alternative
SUMMARY

■ Transcultural nursing as defined by Madeleine Leininger is the key to unlocking

cultural competence in a healthcare setting for a nation with such a rich historical
past and a culturally diverse future
■ Madeline Leininger’s Theory of Transcultural Nursing, one that depends on the
communication and care exhibited by the nurse, actively incorporates the patient’s
values, beliefs, and background into every step of the nursing process.
■ In instances where the nurse has the chance to make a patient more comfortable
according to his or her perceived style of care, the nurse must professionally and
effectively pursue this environment on behalf of the patient and make every attempt
to understand the motives behind the his or her wishes, free from judgment.
 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

The Future of Transcultural Nursing

In the coming years, the demographics of the United States will continue to change with the
continuous influx of diverse cultures. Transcultural nursing remains and will continue to be a
topic not simply discussed but also one that will become an area of much-needed expertise for
those who seek professional success in nursing. Every hospital in the United States provides
care to people of diverse values and beliefs, so education on transcultural nursing and
maintenance of unbiased attitudes as a nurse are crucial.
REFERENCES

■ Josephine Ann j, Necor , RN (2014) Madeleine Leininger's Transcultural Nursing

Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/JosephineAnnNecor/madeleine-leiningers-transcultural-
nursing
■ St. Luke’s College of Nursing University of Asia (2010) Madeleine Leininger retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/1NU07/madeleine-leininger-5372855
■ Bonner Shelley BSN, BPsySc (2013) Theory of Transcultural Nursing
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/ShelleyCullum/transcultural-nursing-powerpoint-
presentationdr-madeleine-leininger
■ Deregnier J., Harrington J., Schunn J(2014) Madeleine Leininger
Retrieved from https://www.slideserve.com/nen/madeleine-leininger
■ Wayne. R , Finding Aid The Madeleine M. Leininger Collection
Retrieved from https://reuther.wayne.edu/files/WSP000725.pdf