APPLICATION OF

INTEGRATION
 The integration can be used to determine
the area bounded by the plane curves, arc
lengths volume and surface area of a
region bounded by revolving a curve
about a line.
I. AREA OF THE PLANE REGION

 We know that the area bounded by a

Cartesian curve y = f(x), x – axis,
between lines x = a & x = b given by

b
Area   f (x)dx
a
 Y

b
Area   f (x)dx
a

(0, 0) x
  = c2
Y

 = c1

r=f()

0 X

r

o

Area=(1/2)r2 
 Example 1:
 To find the area lying between the parabola
y =4x – x2 and the line y = x.
 The required area = ( The area bounded by
the parabola y =4x – x2, the x – axis, in
between lines x = 0 and x = 3) – the area
bounded by y = x, x – axis, in between lines
x = 0 and x = 3.
 3 3
Area    
4x  x dx   xdx 
2 9
2
x 0 0

(3,3)

(0,0) x=3 X
 Example 2 :
 To Sketch and find the area bounded by
the loop of the curve 3ay2 = x( x – a)2.
 The curve is symmetric about the x – axis,

x(x  a) 2 x x  a
y 
2
y
3a 3a
 Therefore y is defined if x 0.
 The curve intersects x – axis at (0,0) &
(a, 0)
 Therefore loop in formed between
these point.
 x = 0 i.e., y – axis is tangent to the
curve at the origin.
 The curve does not have any
asymptotes.
 Y

(a,o)
0 X

Graph of the given curve

 The area bounded by the loop of the
curve
 = 2 area bounded by the portion of the
loop of the curve, x – axis lying in the first
quadrant
a a
x (x  a)
 2  ydx  2   dx
0 0
3a
8
 a2
15 3
 Example 3:
 To find the area inside the cardioide
 r = a ( 1+ cos) and the circle r = 2 cos
 Required area is given by

=  / 2

X
X
X
 1 2 a 2 
 Area  2   a 1  cos   d 
 2
2


0 2 

 
  a 2 1  cos 2   2 cos  d  a 2
0
 2 
2  
 a 2  2  1d  2  cos 2 d   cos d  a 2 
 
 0 0 0 
2  1  
 a  2  2 .  0 2
 2 2 2 
   a
2
a  
2
2 2
 Example 4:
 To find the area bounded by the curve
 y2(a-x) = x3 and its asymptote.
 X = a is the asymptote to the curve.
 The required area is given by
 Area = 2 The area bounded by the
curve and the asymptote lying in the
first quadrant.
 Y

a
 2  ydx
0 X
o
a X=a
x
 2 x dx
0
ax

Put x = a sin 2 

2
3 1  3a 2
 4 a2  sin 4   4 a 2 . .
4 22

4
0
 EXERCISES
 1. Find the area bounded by the one
arch of the cycloid x = a ( - sin ) ,
y = a ( 1- cos ) and its base
 2. Find the area of the region lying
above x – axis, included between the
circle x2 + y2 = 2ax and the parabola
y2 = ax.
 3. Find the area between the curve
x ( x2 + y2) = a(x2 – y2) and its
asymptote.
 4.Find the area bounded by the curve .
2 2 2
x 3 y 3 a 3

 5.Find the area bounded by the loops of the

curve r2 = a sin 
 6. Find the area inside r = a ( 1 – cos )
and outside r = a sin 
 7: Find the area common to the curves
r = a ( 1+ cos) and r = a ( 1 - cos)
 8. Find the area inside r = a and
outside r = 2acos.
 9. Find the area bounded by the loops
of the curve x3 + y3 = 3axy.
 10. Find the area bounded by the
loops of the curve r = a sin3.
RECTIFICATION-LENGTH OF THE
PLANE CURVE

 The rectification is the process of

determining the length of the arch of a
plane curve. We know that the
derivative of the arc of length of a
curve is given by
 2
ds  dy 
ds  dx  1    dx for a cartesian curve y = f(x).
dx  dx 
2
ds 2  dr 
ds  d  r    d for a polar curve r = f()
d  d 
2 2
ds  dx   dy 
ds  d      d for a parametric curve
d  d   d 
x = f()and y=g()
 The length of the arc of the curve is given by

b
 Arc length s =

a
ds
 b 2
 dy 
 1    dx for a cartesian curve y = f(x)
a  dx 

2
b b  dx   dy 
ds      for a parametric
=  d d    d   d 
a a
curve x = f() & y  g()

b b 2
ds  dr 
 d=  r 2    d for a polar curve r = f()
a
d a  d 
 To find the length of the arc of the
parabola x2 = 4ay measured from
the vertex to one extremity of the
latus rectum.
 Here
x2 dy x
y  
4a dx 2a
2
ds  dy  1
Therefore  1    4a 2  x 2
dx  dx  2a
 The required arc length

2a 2a
ds 1
  dx
dx   2a
4a 2  X 2 dx
0 0

 
 
2 2a
1 x 4a
  4a  x 
2 2
sinh 1 x  
2a  2 2 a 
0

a  
2  log 1  2 
 To find the perimeter of the curve
2 2 2
x 3 y 3 a 3


 The parameter equation of this curve is

x = a cos3, y = a sin3.

2 2
ds  dx   dy 
    
d  d   d 
 3a cos  sin 
 Therefore Perimeter of the curve
 π
2 2
ds
4   4  3a sinθ cosθ dθ
0
d 0

=6a
 To find the perimeter of the curve
 r = a ( 1+ cos).

dr
 a sin 
d
2
ds  dr 
 r 2
 
d  d 
 2a cos 
2
 
ds
Therefore Perimeter of the cardioide =2  d
0
d

 2  2a cos  d
2
0
 8a
 EXERCISES

 1.Find the length of the arc of one arch of

the cycloid x = a(+ sin), y = a ( 1- cos ).
 2.Find the length of the loop of the curve
3ay2 = x (x – a)2.
 3.Find the length of the arc of the curve of
the centenary y = c cosh(x/c) measured
from the vertex to any point (x ,y).
 4.Find the length of arc of the loop of the
curve r r2 = a2 cos2.
 VOLUME OF REVOLUTION

Let a curve y = f(x) revolve about x–axis.

Then the volume of the solid bounded by
revolving the curve y = f(x), in between
the lines x = a and x = b, about x – axis is
given by
b
volume   y dx
2

a
 If the curve revolves about y – axis, the
volume is given by
b
volume   x 2dy
a
 Examples :
 1.To find the volume of the solid obtained
by revolving one arch of the curve x = a
(+sin) , y = a (1 + cos) about its base
 X- axis is the base of the curve

0 a X
-a o

 Therefore the required volume

 a a
  y 2 dx  2   y 2dx
 a 0

dx
 2  y d
2

0
d

 2  a (1  cos ) a(1  cos )d
2 2

0

 2a 3  (1  cos )3d
0

 5 a 2 3
 2. To find the volume bounded by
revolving the curve y2(a – x ) = x3 about
its asymptote.
 X = a is the asymptote to the curve.
Shifting the origin to the point (a, 0), we
get the new coordinates X = x – a &
Y = y – 0 = y.
 Then the volume bounded by revolving
the curve about the asymptote is given
by
 
volume  2  x 2dy
y 0


 x  a
2
2  dy
y 0
a
 x x 
 x  a
2
2  d dx
x 0  ax 
a
 3a  2x 
 x  a
2
2  x 3
dx
x 0 2a  x  2
 Put x  a sin , x  0    0
2

x=a  = 
2
Volume
 2 
2 
    6a 3 cos 2  sin 2 d   4a 3 cos 2  sin 4 d 
 
 0 0 
3 1 1  1 3 1 
 a  6. . .  4. . . . 
 4 2 2 6 4 2 2
2 a 3

4
 2.To find the volume of the solid bounded
by revolving the cardioide r = a(1+cos )
about the initial line
 Required volume
2a
  y 2dx
x 0
where x = r cos = a(1-cos )cos 
y=r sin  = a (1+ cos )sin .
x = 2a  = 0, x = 0  =
Therefore the volume
0
=   a 2 (1  cos ) 2 sin 2  d  a(1  cos )cos  


 a  sin (1  cos ) (1  2cos )d
3 3 2

8a 3

5
 PROBLEMS

 The loop of the curve 3ay2=x(x – a)2

moves about the x – axis ; find the
volume of the solid so generated.
 Find the volume of the spindle shaped
solid generated by revolving the curve
about x – axis .
SURFACE AREA OF REVOLUTION

The area of the surface of the solid obtained

by revolving about x – axis, the arc of the
curve
y = f(x) intercepted between the points
whose abscissa are a and b , is given by

b
ds
surface area   2y dx
a
dx
 Examples :
 1.To find the area of the surface of the
solid generated by revolving on arch of
the curve x= a (  – sin), y = a(1 –
cos) about its base.
 X =a( -sin ) ,y = a(1 - cos )

2 2
ds  dx   dy 
     
d  d    d 
 2a sin 
2
 2y
Re quried surface area =  2yds
0
2
ds
  2y d
0
d
2
 2  a(1  cos )2a sin  d
2
0

64a 2

3
2.To find the surface of the solid formed by
revolving the curve r = a(1+cos) about
the initial line ,

2
ds  dr 
 r  2

d  d 
 2a cos 
2
 
ds
Therefore surface area   2y d
0
d

  2r sin  2a cos  d
2
0
32 2
 a
5
 EXERCISES

 1.Find the area of the surface of the solid

generated by revolving the arc of the parabola
y2 = 4ax bounded by its latus rectum about
x –axis.
 2.Find the area of the surface of revolution
about the x – axis the curve x2/3 +y2/3 = a2/3 .
 3.Find the total area of surface of revolution of
the curve r2 = a2cos2 about the initial line.
 4.Find the area of the surface of revolution of
the loop of the curve 3ay2=x(x-a)2 about the x –
axis.