- Shyam K.

Manandhar
Dr. Engg. (Hydraulics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo)
M.E. (Water Resources Engineering, AIT, Bangkok)
B.Tech. (Civil Engineering, IIT, Madras)
Estimation of Discharges
• in Cross-Drainages – Return Period : 20 yrs.
• In Side Drainages – Return Period : 10 yrs.
- Catchment Characteristics
• catchment area
• length of stream 1:25,000 scale topographical maps
• Maximum and minimum elevations

- Rainfall Characteristics
• Catchment Representative Maximum 24 hr Rainfall for 20 yr return period
 Theissen Polygon
 Frequency Analysis
 Observed Annual Maximum 24 hr rainfalls at rainfall stations in the
catchment vicinity (preferably records of more than 30 yrs.)
Catchment Characteristics
Use of 1:25,000 scale maps –
Planimeter, AutoCad-Map with CAD Overlay, GIS
- Rational Method
- Dicken’s Method
- Snyder Method
- WECS/DHM Method
- etc. etc.

For Smaller Catchments (<25 sq. km) Rational Method is sufficient at present
- Rational Method Ground Cover
Lawns
Runoff Coefficient, C Ground Cover
0.05 - 0.35 Forest
Runoff Coefficient, C
0.05 - 0.25
Q = 0.278 CIA Cultivated land 0.08-0.41 Meadow 0.1 - 0.5
where, Parks, cemeteries 0.1 - 0.25 Unimproved areas 0.1 - 0.3
Q : Design discharge in cu.m/s Pasture 0.12 - 0.62 Residential areas 0.3 - 0.75
C : Runoff coefficient, which can be taken as 0.25
Business areas 0.5 - 0.95 Industrial areas 0.5 - 0.9
I : Rainfall intensity in mm/hr
A : Catchment Area in sq. km Asphalt streets 0.7 - 0.95 Brick streets 0.7 - 0.85
Roofs 0.75 - 0.95 Concrete streets 0.7 - 0.95

Here I is obtained from intensity-duration-frequency curve corresponding to tc, the time of concentration, which is given by

tc = max ({0.87L3/H}0.385 , 0.25)

where, tc is in hr, L, the longest dimension of stream in watershed is in km, H, the streamfall or vertical drop of the flow from farthest
point to the outlet point is in m.
2
Here Mononobe equation R  24  3
I D,T   
24,T

24  D 
Where T is the return period in years and D the duration which is taken as time of concentration tc in hr. Here ID,T is in mm/hr and R24,T is
the maximum daily rainfall of return period T (taken as 20 yrs).
Same Rational Method
But with

R24,T for T = 10 yrs.

A can be taken as Triangular Area with Base = Side Drain Length and height
extent based on the site as

In plain areas with raised road embankment 0~15 m in settlement areas (C~0.7)
In hill areas 20m ~ 200m (C~.25)
Cross-Drains :
• Pipe Culverts
• Slab Culverts
• Box Culverts
• Bridges

The Capacity depends on the size (opening), roughness, slope

(manning’s equation for open channel flow suffices for
preliminary/general cases. For specific important cases, need
for knowledge on Backwater flow computation, culvert
hydraulics – inlet control, outlet control etc.)
Side-Drain :
• V-type/Tick Type Drain
All trapezoidal
• Rectangular Drains of course
• Trapezoidal

The Capacity depends on the size (opening), roughness (n =

0.025), longitudinal slope(to suit the road gradient)
(manning’s equation for open channel flow suffices)
Let’s view Spreadsheet for now
For Listening and Patience
and Please Remember