Module 1

Introduction: Need and comparison between traditional, non-traditional and micro &
nano machining process.

Powder Metallurgy: Need of P/M - Powder Production methods:- Atomization,

electrolysıs, Reduction of oxides, Carbonyls (Process parameters, characteristics of
powder produced in each method). Powder characteristics: properties of fine
powder, size, size distribution, shape, compressibility, purity etc.
Mixing – Compaction:- techniques, pressure distribution, HIP & CIP. Mechanism of
sintering, driving force for pore shirking, solid and liquid phase sintering -
Impregnation and Infiltration Advantages, disadvantages and specific applications of
P/M.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC): need – relays - logic ladder program –timers,
simple problems only.

Point to point, straight cut and contouring positioning - incremental and absolute
systems – open loop and closed loop systems - control loops in contouring systems:
principle of operation.
Traditional machining
Unconventional machining
micro machining process
 nano machining process
• Nano manufacturing is both the production of nano scaled
materials, which can be powders or fluids, and the
manufacturing of parts "bottom up" from nano scaled
materials or "top down" in smallest steps for high precision,
used in several technologies such as laser ablation, etching
and others.
powder metallurgy
Need for powder metallurgy
 Powder Production methods
• Atomization
• Electrolysıs
• Reduction of oxides
• Carbonyls
Mixing techniques in powder
metallurgy
HIP & CIP
Mechanism of sintering
driving force for pore shirking
solid and liquid phase sintering
Impregnation and Infiltration
Advantages, disadvantages and
specific applications of P/M
Programmable logic controller -plc
• It’s a solid state device used to monitor crucial
process parameters and adjusts process
parameters accordingly
• Wide application in manufacturing
automation
 Basic structure
• Central processing unit
• Microprocessor
• Memory
• Power supply

• Programmer/ monitor
• Membrane keypad
• Liquid crystal display

• Input and output modules

• Sensors/transducers
• Relays
• Solenoids
• Actuators
Ladder symbols
Logic symbols
 Rules for ladder diagram
• No vertical contacts are allowed
• A coil must be inserted at the end of rung
• Only one output may be connected to a group
of contacts
• Flow must be from left to right
Wrong diagram
 Pump control
Example : Develop a ladder for the application given below:
Three motors A, B, C are used for control purpose in a
particular system. While switching on the main supply,
motor A has to start with 5 sec delay, motor B has to start
with 8 sec delay after motor A and motor C has to start 10
sec after B. All the 3 motors have to remain ON until main
switch is turned OFF.
• Input: IN 1000 (switch)
• Relay memory coil: M1
• Output: 1001 – MOTOR A
• 1002- MOTOR B
• 1003- MOTOR C
classification of NC machine tool systems

1. According to the type of machine: Point-to-point versus contouring

(continuous path)
2. According to the structure of the controller: Hardware-based NC versus CNC
3. According to the programming method: incremental versus absolute
4. According to the type of control loops: Open-loop versus closed-loop
Continuous path control / contouring
positioning
incremental and absolute systems
open loop system
closed loop system