FOUNDATION PLAN

AND
ELEVATION
 FOUNDATION PLAN

 It is the top view of the footings or foundation walls, showing their area and their
location by distances between center lines and by distances from reference lines
or boundary lines.
 It is a horizontal section view cut through the walls of the foundation showing
beams, girders, pier or columns, and openings, along with dimensions and internal
composition.
 It is primarily by the building crew who will construct the foundation of the proposed
structure.
 PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION

 To distribute the weight of the structure over large area so as to avoid

overloading of the soil beneath.
 To anchor the structures against the changing natural forces like changing
natural forces like earthquakes, floods, frost-heave, tornado or wind.
 To load the sub-stratum evenly and thus prevent unequal settlement.
 To provide a level surface for building operations.
 To take the structure deep into the ground and thus increase its stability,
preventing overloading.
 Specially designed foundation helps in avoiding the lateral movements of
the supporting material,
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUNDATION
AND THEIR USES

 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1. Individual footing or isolated footing
2. Combined footing
3. Strip foundation
4. Raft or mat foundation

 DEEP FOUNDATION
1. Pile foundation
2. Drilled Shafts or caissons
 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 Individual Footing or Isolated Footing
 Most common type of foundation used for building construction. This foundation
is constructed for single column and also called as pad foundation.
 The shape of individual footing is square or rectangle and is used when loads
from structure is carried by the columns. Size is calculated based on the load on
the column and safe bearing capacity of soil.
 Rectangular isolated footing is selected when the foundation experiences
moments due to eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces.

 Combined Footing
 Constructed when two or more columns are close enough and their isolated
footings overlap each other. It is a combination of isolated footings, but their
structural design differs.
 The shape of this footing is rectangle and is used when loads from structure is
carried by the columns.
 Spread Footings or Strip Footings
and Wall Footings
 Those whose base is more wider
than a typical load bearing wall
foundations. The wider base of this
footing type spreads the weight
from the building structure over
more area and provides better
stability.
 Used for individual columns, walls
and bridges piers where the
bearing soil layer is within 3m (10
feet) from the ground surface. Soil
bearing capacity must be
sufficient to support the weight of
the structure over the base area
of the structure.
 These should not be used where
there is any possibility of ground
flow of water above bearing layer
of soil which may result in scour or
liquefaction.
 Raft or Mat Foundations
 The types of foundation which
spread across the entire area of the
building to support heavy structural
loads from columns and walls.
 The use of mat foundation is for
columns and walls foundations
where the loads from structure on
columns and walls are very high.
 This is used to prevent different
settlement of individual footings,
thus designed as a single mat (or
combined footing) of all the load
bearing elements of the structure.
 It is suitable for expensive soils where
bearing capacity is less for suitability
of spread footings and wall footings.
 Raft foundation is economical when
one-half area of the structure is
covered with individual footings and
wall footings are provided.
 These foundations should not be
used where the groundwater table
is above the bearing surface of the
soil. Use of foundation in such
conditions may lead to scour and
liquefaction.
 TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
 Pile Foundations
 Used to transfer heavy loads from the
structure to a hard rock strata much deep
below the ground level.

 Used to transfer heavy loads of structures

through columns to hard soil strata which is
much below ground level where shallow
foundations such as spread footings and mat
footings cannot be used.

 Used to prevent uplift of structure due to

lateral loads such as earthquake and wind
forces.

 Generally, used for soils where soil conditions

near the ground surface is not suitable for
heavy loads. The depth of hard rock strata
may be 5m to 50m (15 feet to 150 feet) deep
from the ground surface.

 Pile foundations resists the loads from

structure by skin friction and by end bearing.

 Use of pile foundations also prevents different

settlement of foundations.
 Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation
 Is a type of deep foundation and
has action similar to pile foundations
discussed above, but are high
capacity cast-in-situ foundations.
 It resists loads from structure through
shaft resistance, toe resistance and /
or combination of both of these.
 It can transfer column loads larger
than pile foundations. It is used
where depth of hard strata below
ground level is location within 10m
to 100m (25 feet to 300 feet).
 It is not suitable when deep deposits
of soft clays and loose, water-
bearing granular soil exists.
 It is also not suitable for soils where
caving formations are difficult to
stabilize, soils made up of boulders,
artesian aquifer exists.
FOUNDATION PLAN NOTES
FOUNDATION PLAN SYMBOLS
STEP – BY – DIRECTIONS FOR
DRAWING FOUNDATION PLAN
Draw a solid line
representing the
outside dimensions of
the walls of the
building. This line
between the two line
should be exactly the
width of the planned
walls to scale.
 Draw a second solid line
the first one to represent
the inside dimensions of
the building’s walls. This
line will also represent the
inside dimensions of the
foundation wall. The
space between the two
lines should be exactly
the width of the planned
walls to scale.
 Subtract the width of the wall from
the planned width of the foundation
footing. Divide the remainder in two
and convert the answer into the
scale dimension being used in the
drawing. This figure represents the
distances between the inner side of
the wall and the inner side of the
foundation footing.
 Draw a dotted line inside
the drawing of the walls.
This line represents the
inner dimensions of the
footing. The space
between it and the inside
solid line (step #2) should
be exactly the distance
calculated in step #3.
 Draw a dotted line
outside the drawing of
the walls. This line
represents the outer
dimension of the footing.
The space between it
and the outside solid line
(step#1) should be
exactly the distance
calculated in step #3.
 On either side of the
drawing’s length, add a
solid line exactly as long as
the longest wall (that is, the
longest outer solid line).
 On either side of the
drawing’s width, add a
solid line exactly as long as
the longest wall (that is, the
longest outer solid line).
 Place a mark along each
line from steps #6-7
wherever the outer wall
turns a corner. Indicate
the actual length of
each straight section of
wall. Place a mark along
each line.
 Outside the lines drawn in
steps #6-7, draw two
more solid lines exactly as
long as the length and
width of the outer dotted
line. Mark these lines to
indicate the actual length
of each straight section of  Underneath the completed
foundation footing. drawing, write down what
the footing and foundation
wall will be made of and
their cross-section
dimensions.
 The completed drawing
is an actual scale
drawing showing the
trenches that must be
dug for the footing and
the dimensions of the
foundation walls.
STEP – BY – DIRECTIONS FOR
DRAWING ELAVATION PLAN
 Place the floor plan directly above the space where the elevation is to be
drawn. The exterior walls to be represented by the elevation should be
facing down toward the elevation.
 Project all points down the free space.
 Indicate the bottom of the footer and draw a horizontal line. Now measure
in all vertical heights, basement ceiling height, floor joist height, first floor,
etc. from this reference point.
 Remove construction lines and determine if changes are desired in the
overall design.
 Add details such as railings, window muntins, trim, window wells, etc.
 Add dimensions, notes and symbols.
 Check drawing and be sure to print one copy to check.
 Turn-in drawing.