Professional Documents
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Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management
Management
IPM
Reading Assignment:
Norris et al., Chapter 1. Pests, People, and
Integrated Pest Management. Pp. 1 – 14.
Define “Pest”
FIFRA Definition of “Pest”
(1) any organism that interferes with the
activities and desires of humans or (2)
any other form of terrestrial or aquatic
plant or animal life or virus, bacteria, or
other micro-organism (except viruses,
bacteria, or other micro- organism on or in
living man or other living animals) which
the Administrator declares to be a pest
under section 25(c)(1).
A Working Definition of “Pest”
An injurious and noxious or troublesome
living organism [that] does not include a
virus, bacteria, fungus or internal parasite
that exists on humans or animals (British
Columbia Pesticide Control Act,1997)
5. Low tolerance
The Pest Complex
• The specific collection of pest species
attacking a specific commodity or cropping
system at any given time and location.
• A given complex is divisible into different
“groups”:
– Invertebrates (arthropods, molluscs)
– Vertebrates (mammals, fish, birds)
– Weeds (perennials, summer/winter annuals)
– Plant Pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses,
nematodes)
Each pest species has a given
status within a complex
• Key pests
• Minor pests
• Secondary pests
• Occasional pests
• Potential pests
• Chronic pests
• Migrants
• Accessory Species
– Vectors (Pest status often linked with pathogen)
– Alternate Hosts
Pests are often classified by the
type of injury that they cause
General Terms
• Direct Pests
• Indirect Pests
• Medical/Veterinary
Pest Injury versus Damage
Injury – The effect that the pest has on the
crop or commodity.
Maximum Value
Damage
{
} Economic Damage
control action.
Injury
Organisms that cause economic
damage are the ones of interest in
pest management
Introducing “Pest Management”
• “Management” -- a process by which
information is collected and used to make
good management decisions to reduce
pest population impacts in a planned,
coordinated way.
• Requires:
– Tolerance
– Information
– Strategy
IPM Defined
IPM – A system that maintains the
population of any pest, or pests, at or
below the level that causes damage or
loss, and which minimizes adverse
impacts on society and environment.
Society
Decreasingly Complex
Cost of Using Impact on
All Available Damage from
T actics T otal Pest Complex
Pesticide Pest
Application Damage
Cost Avoided
The Pest Management Continuum
Pest Management at the Crossroads
See Handout.
Distribution of US Cropland Over
the IPM Continuum
Total US Crop Acreage
IPM Continuum
Proponents of one flavor often
attack other flavors
Preventative Implement
Tillage Tactic
Conserve Tactics
Preventative Biological
Controls
Apply
Rescue Insecticide 2
if neccessary
IPM Strategies are Implemented
Via Programs
Too Many No
Caterpillars?
Apply
Insecticide 2 Yes
if neccessary
Apply
Insecticide 2
The Evolution of IPM
• Pest management is at least as old as
agriculture.
• It has evolved along with agriculture and
technology
• Generally, when technology as advanced, so
has pest management (and vice versa).
• 1962 onward
Before WWI
• Periods of great advancement followed by
decline.
• Advancing periods characterized by:
– Scientific inquiry into the nature of crops and
pest biologies
– Agricultural production for profit, specifically,
for well-developed export markets.
Early Examples
4,000 – 5,000 BC Early China
2,500 BC Summerians
1,000 BC Egyptians
• Pest Resistance
• Bird/Fish Kills
• Human Poisonings
• Secondary Pests
• Biomagnification
“Pesticide Treadmill”
1. Spray, kill pest & natural controls. Pest
comes back. Repeat until…
2. Resistance in primary pest. Increase
application rates. Kill broader range of
natural controls.
3. Induce secondary pest
4. Begin spraying for secondary pest until…
5. Resistance in secondary pest
6. Change chemicals. Repeat sequence.
IPM Evolution Continued
Reading Assignment
Chlorosis in soybeans. Individual leaves (left) and at the field level (right).
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Crinkling Leaf takes on a crinkled texture. Usually associated with viruses
or toxic effects of saliva from homopterous insects.
Crinkling may occur throughout the leaf (left) or may be confined to edges (right).
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Cupping and Curling Leaves cup up or down or they curl inward from the edges.
Leaf edge feeding on rhododendron leaves by adult black vine root weevils.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Hole Feeding Leaves have holes chewed through them. Caused by insects
w/chewing mouthparts.
Frass-linear
leaf mine on
birch leaf.
Mines come in
many shapes.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Mottling Leaf is not uniform in color but is, instead, a mottled mixture of
different shades of green to yellow.
Stalk breakage (lodging) caused by fungal stalk rot (left) and European
corn borer (right)
Structural Injury – Abnormal
Growth
Varying degrees of corn rootworm injury (left) and resulting lodged plants (right)
Phytophthora
root rot on
alfalfa (left);
Fusarium
root rot on
soybean
(right)
Root Injury – Storage Organs
Black rot on carrot (left), nematode injury to carrots (middle), carrot weevil injury (right)
Flower & Fruit Injury
Apple scab
on apple
(right)
Left: Western
flower thrips
feeding injury
on impatiens.
3. Pest Genetics
Comparative Biology of Pests
• Concepts in Pest Population Regulation
1. Reproduction
2. Fecundity & Fertility
3. Population Generation Time
4. Longevity & Mortality
5. Quiescence and Dormancy
6. Heat Summation & Degree Days
7. Molting & Metamorphosis
8. Life Tables
9. Basic Life Cycle Models
1. Reproduction -- “Vivipary”
In Plants
Flowers are replaced by tiny
plantlets which detach and
grow into new plants. A form
of asexual reproduction.
These plants grow where
there is a short growing
season or where it is shady
with few pollinators. This
example is a wild onion
Allium, where the flowers in
the umbel inflorescence are
replaced by vegetatively
produced bulblets (little
bulbs), and these bulblets
sprout on the parent plant.
1. Insect Reproduction
Oviparity -- Eggs deposited shortly after fertilization
Ovoviviparity -- Female deposits a larva or nymph instead
of an egg
Viviparity -- Female feeds embryo after development has
begun
Paedogenesis -- Larvae give birth without becoming an
adult
Parthenogenesis -- Development without fertilization
Polyembryony -- A single egg results in more than one
individual
1. Reproduction
Good for IPM Bad for IPM
Sexual 1. Can manage More plastic, better
resistance able to overcome
2. Mating disrupt. tactics
possible
Asexual 1. Strain/race 1. More inoc. (path &
geographically weed)
specific 2. Faster popn.
2. Can’t overcome growth (all are
effective controls reproductive)
Note: Many serious species have both sexual & asexual periods or stages.
Individual and Population
Development Time
• Includes:
2. Fecundity & Fertility
3. Population Generation Time
4. Cycles per Season – note terms in Norris et
al., p. 99.
5. Longevity and Mortality
Some insects,
some mammals,
most winter
annual weeds
Many nematodes,
multivoltine arthropods,
polycyclic pathogens,
small mammals.
Weed seedbanks,
some pathogens,
cyst nematodes
Ecological Basis for Pest
Management
Part I. Ecosystems and Pest
Organisms
Ecological Basis for Pest
Management
This is a 4-part unit:
• Part I -- Ecosystems & Pest Organisms
3. Trophic Dynamics
4. Guild: a group of species that exploit the same resource in a similar manner
Crop
Crop Field
Field
Crop
Field
Migration
Crop
Crop Field
Field Surrounding
Ecosystem(s)
Extinction
Landscape Ecology
• Involves multiple populations interacting in
time and space between several different
ecosystems.
Agriculture
typically keeps
the ecosystem at
this end.
Fig. 4-1, p. 69
Implications of Early Succession
Systems
1. Trophic cycles are disrupted (adds to the
biodiversity problem)
2. Species good at invasion are favored
3. Nutrient cycles are altered, biomass
does not accumulate/cycle
4. Energy flow is not webbed but, instead,
directed toward one commodity
5. Ecology “resets” each cropping season
2. Definitions and Terminology
Refer to pp. 71 – 72 in text. Notes on those definitions:
• Indirect:
Pest A -> Affector -> Pest B -> Outcome
– “Affector” may be another pest, management action,
environmental effect, etc.
– A & B & Affector must all be present for outcome to
occur
Direct Interaction
(A + B) -> Outcome
Four possibilities
B
Not Crop Pest Crop Pest