Boeing-767,AirBus-A320

, Tu-204, IL86,96.
Boeing-767
 Boeing 767
The Boeing 767 is a mid- to large-size, mid- to long-range, wide-body twin-engine jet airliner developed
and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It was Boeing's first wide-body twinjet and its first
airliner with a two-crew glass cockpit. The aircraft has two turbofan engines, a conventional tail, and, for
reduced aerodynamic drag, a supercritical wing design. Designed as a smaller wide-body airliner than
earlier aircraft such as the 747, the 767 has a seating capacity for 181 to 375 people, and a design
range of 3,850 to 6,385 nautical miles (4,431 to 7,348 mi; 7,130 to 11,825 km), depending on variant.
Development of the 767 occurred in tandem with a narrow-body twinjet, the 757, resulting in shared
design features which allow pilots to obtain a common type rating to operate both aircraft.
The 767 is produced in three fuselage lengths. The original 767-200 entered service in 1982, followed by
the 767-300 in 1986 and the 767-400ER, an extended-range (ER) variant, in 2000. The extended-range
767-200ER and 767-300ER models entered service in 1984 and 1988, respectively, while a
production freighter version, the 767-300F, debuted in 1995. Conversion programs have modified
passenger 767-200 and 767-300 series aircraft for cargo use, while military derivatives include the E-
767 surveillance aircraft, the KC-767 and KC-46 aerial tankers, and VIP transports. Engines featured on
the 767 include the General Electric CF6, Pratt & Whitney JT9D and PW4000, and Rolls-Royce
RB211 turbofans.
United Airlines first placed the 767 in commercial service in 1982. The aircraft was initially flown on
domestic and transcontinental routes, during which it demonstrated the reliability of its twinjet design.
The 767 became the first twin-engined airliner to be used on extended overseas flights in 1985. The
aircraft was then used to expand non-stop service on medium- to long-haul intercontinental routes. In
1986, Boeing initiated studies for a higher-capacity 767, ultimately leading to the development of the 777,
a larger wide-body twinjet. In the 1990s, the 767 became the most frequently used airliner
for transatlantic flights between North America and Europe.
The 767 is the first twinjet wide-body type to reach 1,000 aircraft delivered. As of May 2019, Boeing has
received 1,248 orders for the 767 from 74 customers with 1,151 delivered.[1] A total of 742 of these
aircraft were in service in July 2018.[3] The most popular variant is the 767-300ER with 583
delivered. Delta Air Lines is the largest operator with 77 aircraft. Competitors have included the Airbus
A300, A310, and A330-200. Non-passenger variants of the 767 remain in production as of 2019 while the
passenger variant's successor, the 787, entered service in 2011.
AirBus-A320
 The Airbus A320
► The Airbus A320 family consists of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin-
engine jet airliners by Airbus. The family includes the A318, A319, A320 and A321, as well as the ACJ business
jet. The A320s are also named A320ceo (current engine option) following the introduction of the A320neo
(new engine option).[7] The aircraft family can accommodate up to 236 passengers and has a range of 3,100
to 12,000 km (1,700 to 6,500 nmi), depending on model.
► The first member of the A320 family—the A320—was launched in March 1984, first flew on 22 February 1987,
and was first delivered in March 1988 to launch customer Air France.[1] The family was extended to include
the A321 (first delivered 1994), the A319 (1996), and the A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of
digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, as well as side-stick controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been
a continuous improvement process since introduction. Final assembly of the family takes place
in Toulouse, France, and Hamburg, Germany. A plant in Tianjin, China, has also been producing aircraft
for Chinese airlines since 2009,[8] while a final assembly facility in Mobile, Alabama, United States, delivered
its first A321 in April 2016.[9]
► As of 31 July 2019, a total of 8,951 Airbus A320 family aircraft have been delivered, of which 8,532 are in
service. In addition, another 5,822 airliners are on firm order.[10] It ranked as the world's fastest-selling jet
airliner family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the best-selling single-generation aircraft
programme.[11] The A320 family has proved popular with airlines including low-cost carriers such as EasyJet,
which ordered A319s and A320s to replace its ageing 737 fleet. As of December 2018, American Airlines was
the largest operator of the Airbus A320 family aircraft, operating 397 aircraft.[b][10] The aircraft family
competes directly with the 737 and has competed with the 717, 757, and the MD-80/MD-90.
► In December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo (new engine
option).[12] The A320neo offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements and the
addition of winglets, named Sharklets by Airbus. The aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%. As of
December 2018, a total of 6,526 A320neo family aircraft had been ordered by more than 70
airlines,[10] making it the fastest selling commercial aircraft.[13] The first A320neo was delivered
to Lufthansa on 20 January 2016 and it entered service on 25 January 2016.[14][15]
Tu-204
► The Tupolev Tu-204 (Russian: Туполев Ту-204) is
a twin-engined medium-range jet airliner capable of
carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and
produced by Aviastar-SP and Kazan Aircraft Production
Association. First introduced in 1989, it is intended to be
broadly equivalent to the Boeing 757, with slightly lower
range and payload, and has competitive performance
and fuel efficiency in its class. It was developed
for Aeroflot as a replacement for the medium-
range Tupolev Tu-154 trijet. The latest version, with
significant upgrades and improvements, is the Tu-204SM,
which made its maiden flight on 29 December 2010.[3]
IL86
► The Ilyushin Il-86 (Russian: Илью́шин Ил-86; NATO reporting
name: Camber) is a short- to medium-range wide-body jet airliner. It
was the USSR's first wide-body and the world's second four-
engined wide-body. Designed and tested by the Ilyushin design bureau
in the 1970s, it was certified by the Soviet aircraft industry,
manufactured and marketed by the USSR.
► Developed during the Leonid Brezhnev era, which was marked
by stagnation in many sectors of Soviet industry, the Il-86 used
engines more typical of the 1960s, spent a decade in development,
and failed to enter service in time for the Moscow Olympics, as was
originally intended. The type was used by Aeroflot and successor post-
Soviet airlines and only three of the total 106 examples were exported.
In service, it gained recognition as a safe and reliable model with no
fatal incidents during three decades of passenger-carrying
operations.[2]
► At the beginning of 2012, only four Il-86s remained in service, all with
the Russian Air Force.[1]
IL96
► The Ilyushin Il-96 (Russian: Илью́шин Ил-96) is a Russian quadjet long-haul wide-body airliner designed
by Ilyushin in the former Soviet Union and manufactured by the Voronezh Aircraft Production
Association in Russia. It is powered by four Aviadvigatel PS-90 two-shaft turbofan engines. The Ilyushin Il-96
is a shortened, long-range, and advanced technology development of the Soviet Union's
first widebody airliner, the Ilyushin Il-86. It features supercritical wings fitted with winglets, a glass cockpit,
and a fly-by-wire control system. It was first flown in 1988 and certified in 1992. The basic Il-96-300 is
equipped with modern Russian avionics integrating six multi-function colour LCD displays, inertial and
satellite navigation systems, and a Traffic Collision Avoidance System (including mode "S"). It allows the
airplane to be operated with two crew members. The avionics correspond to modern requirements on
international routes in Europe and North America (RNP-1) and allow navigation and landing under ICAO CAT
III/A conditions. The Il-96 is offered in three main variants: the Il-96-300, Il-96M/T and Il-96-400.[citation
needed]
► The Il-96-300 has a standard passenger capacity of 262 seats in a two-class configuration with 18 seats with
a seat pitch of 54 inches (140 cm) and 244 seats with a pitch of 32 inches (81 cm), of which typical seating
is 3-3-3 (layout), but low density seating is possible with 2-4-2 (layout). Galleys are positioned on the upper
deck, and the lower deck can accommodate 18 LD-3 containers and crew rest areas.
►
► Cockpit of an Aeroflot Il-96-300
► In June 2005, the Volga-Dnepr Group signed a 15-year financial agreement with Ilyushin Finance Corporation
(IFC) to take delivery of two new-build Il-96-400T aircraft, to be operated by Volga-Dnepr's
subsidiary AirBridge Cargo. The first was due to have been delivered in late 2006.[4]
► The Cuban Government newspaper Granma announced on 3 January 2006 the first official flight of
the Cubana Il-96-300, from Havana to Buenos Aires, Argentina.[5]
► On 11 August 2009 Russian Minister of Industry and Trade Viktor Khristenko announced that manufacturing
of the Il-96-300 would cease. In particular, the Il-96-300 had been deemed inferior to counterparts from
Boeing and Airbus, and the manufacturer could not arrange commercially viable mass production, making
only one aircraft per year.[6] The Il-96-400T cargo version was to remain in production.
► On 9 October 2015, it was announced that an updated version of the Il-96 may be produced. This decision
was taken due to the current diplomatic situation between Russia and the West, and the dependency of the
Russian Aerospace Industry on Airbus and Boeing.[1] In September 2017, the Vice President of Russia's
United Aircraft Corporation Aleksandr Tulyakov announced the start of development of the 250-280 seat,
wide-body long-haul aircraft in partnership with Chinese builders.[7] The aircraft is to be a development of
the Russian-designed IL-96 and will be assembled in China. A new engineering center will be built in Russia
to undertake technical and electronics production.