The Earth’s Oceans

Pacific Ocean
 Pacific Ocean
• The Pacific Ocean is the world’s largest ocean
it encompasses a third of the Earth’s surface,
having an area of 179.7 million square
kilometers. It extends from the Artic in the
north to the Southern Ocean in the south,
bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and
the Americans in the east. The Mariana
Trench is also located in the northern part of
the pacific while also having 25,000 islands
Atlantic Ocean
 Atlantic Ocean
• The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest
ocean and the most heavily traveled. It has a
surface area of about 82 million square
kilometers. It is an S-shaped north south
channel extending the Arctic Ocean in the
north to the Antarctic continent in the south,
located between the eastern coast of the
American continents and western coast of
Europe and Africa.
Indian Ocean
 Indian Ocean
• The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean
and it covers one-fifth of the world’s oceans. It
is bounded by Iran, Pakistan, India, and
Bangladesh to the north; the Malay peninsula,
the Sunda islands of Indonesia, and Africa and
the Arabian peninsula to the west. It has an
area of 73,440,000 square kilometers. And is
named after the country called india.
Arctic Ocean
 Arctic Ocean
• The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world’s
oceans. It is located in the northern
hemisphere and mostly surrounding the Arctic
North Polar Region. It is surrounded by the
landmasses of Eurasia and North America, and
a cover of ice distinguishes it. The Arctic
Ocean covers an area of about 14,090,000
square kilometers.
 Southern Ocean
• The Southern Ocean Historically, there are
four named oceans, but most countries now
recognize the Southern (Antarctic) as the
fifth. For decades, Southern (Antarctic) Ocean
waters has the coldest and deepest currents.
Now according to scientist, the coldest ocean
currents have shut down due to climate
change
 Characteristics of Ocean Water
• Ocean water is salty. Salinity is the
measurement of the amount of salt dissolved
in water. The most common and the most
abundant slat dissolved in the ocean is sodium
chloride. Salts dissolved in ocean water comes
from weathering of materials from rocks and
volcanic gases. The average ocean water’s
salinity is 96.5 percent water and 3.5 percent
salt or 35 parts slat per thousand parts of
water
• Salinity differs depending on location. Near
the surface or body of freshwater salinity is
low due to addition of freshwater (Rain, Snow
etc ….) near the poles, the salinity is higher
due to the formation of snow and glacier,
during summer, salinity is higher due to excess
evaporation. Ocean water is denser than
freshwater due to salt dissolved in it. Density
of pure water is 1,000 kg/m3 and Ocean water
is 1,027 on the surface.
• Two main factors affect the density of ocean
water temperature and salinity. Temperature
has a greater effect than salinity. A layer of
water with higher salinity can actually float on
top of water with lower salinity if the layer has
higher temperature than the layer with lower
salinity. Temperature in the ocean is not
constant nor it is uniform throughout the the
oceanic mass. Temperature varies with
location.
• Dissolved gases are important in maintaining
life activities of marine organisms. Carbon
dioxide is sixty time greater in marine waters
than in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is
important for marine producer in
photosynthesis and in building coral reefs and
exoskeletons of some animals. Carbon dioxide
comes from the atmosphere and repiration of
marine organisms. Oxygen mixes with water
by process of diffusion and photosynthetic
activities of the marine producers
 Formation of Water Currents
• The hydrosphere is a dynamic system. It is in
constant motion. The movement of the
flowing water systems like streams and rivers
can easily be seen, while the motions of water
in standing water systems like ponds and lakes
are less obvious. The motions of the seas and
oceans can also be seen, but the large scale
motion that moves water in great distances
such as between the topics and the poles or
between continent are more difficult to see
• The motions of the bodies of water, which
may be visible or less obvious are called water
currents. These currents move the warm
waters in the tropics toward the poles and the
cold waters from the poles toward the tropics.
These currents also exist on the surface and at
certain depths (up to 4km) in the ocean.
 Organisms That inhabit the Ocean
Environment
• Living things that inhabit the ocean are
grouped into three categories

• Planktons

• Nektons

• Benthos
 Planktons
• Planktons are microscopic organisms that
float on the surface of the water.
Phytoplanktons are various species of single-
celled, colonial, and filamentous algae. They
are photosynthetic and are considered the
producers of the aquatic environment.
 Planktons
• The Zooplanktons are chiefly small animals
like rotifers and larvae of small aquatic
animals that feed on phytoplankton, which in
turn, also serve as food for other larger
animals.
 Nektons
• These are the larger swimming species like
fish, squids, turtles, sharks, and whales. Most
of these species are being harvested as food
sources
 Benthos
• These consist of organisms that live at the
bottom, like plants rooted at the bottom of
the soil (hydrilla, lilies, and lotus), and algae
(seaweeds), animals, like barnacles, sea slugs,
sponges, and those that burrow into the
muddy substratum like small crustaceans and
worms.
Bodies of Water in the Philippines
• The Philippine archipelago has several inland
bodies of water. Inland bodies of water are
divided into two types: the lotic or flowing
water system and the lentic or standing water
system.