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Continuous-Time Fourier Methods: M. J. Roberts - All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl
Continuous-Time Fourier Methods: M. J. Roberts - All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl
Methods
e jx + e- jx
cos( x ) =
2
e jx - e- jx
sin( x ) =
j2
3/21/1768 - 5/16/1830
M. J. Roberts - All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl 5
Conceptual Overview
The Fourier series represents a signal as a sum of sinusoids.
The best approximation to the dashed-line signal below using
only a constant is the solid
Constant
line. (A constant is a 0.6
-0.6
x(t)
1.6 Exact x(t)
Approximation of x(t) by a constant
1
t
-4
t0 t0 + T 10
t
-4 10
-0.6
x(t)
1.6 Exact x(t)
Approximation of x(t) through 1 sinusoid
1
t
-4 10
t0 t0 + T
Sinusoid 3
0.6
t
-4 10
-0.6
t
-4 t0 t0 + T 10
( e j 2 p kt /T , e j 2 p qt /T = ) ò éë cos ( 0 ) + j sin ( 0 ) ùû dt = ò dt = T .
t0 t0
If k ¹ q, the integral
t 0 +T
é æ k-q ö æ k-q öù
( e j 2 p kt /T , e j 2 p qt /T = ) ò ê çè
cos 2p
T
t ÷ø + j sin çè 2p t ÷ ú dt
T øû
t0 ë
is over a non-zero integer number of cycles of a cosine and a sine
and is therefore zero.
M. J. Roberts - All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl 13
Orthogonality
Therefore e j 2 p kt /T and e j 2 p qt /T are orthogonal if k and q are not equal.
¥
Now multiply the Fourier series expression x ( t ) = å c x [ k ] e j 2 p kt /T
k =-¥
by e- j 2 p qt /T (q an integer)
¥
x (t ) e - j 2 p qt /T
= å c x [ k ] e j 2 p ( k -q )t /T
k=-¥
where
t 0 +T
2
ax [ k ] = ò x ( t ) cos ( 2p kt / T ) dt
T t0
t 0 +T
2
bx [ k ] = ò x ( t ) sin ( 2p kt / T ) dt
T t0
2 ïþ
k=- N
For continuous signals,
convergence is exact at
every point.
A Continuous Signal
Discontinuous Signal
At points of discontinuity
the Fourier series
representation converges
to the mid-point of the
discontinuity.
Linearity
Frequency Shifting
(Harmonic Number
Shifting)
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Let z ( t ) = x ( at ) , a > 0
Case 1. T = T0 x / a = T0 z for z ( t )
c z [ k ] = cx [ k ]
Case 2. T = T0 x for z ( t )
If a is an integer,
ìc x [ k / a ] , k / a an integer
cz [ k ] = í
î0 , otherwise
Time Differentiation
Case 2. cx [ 0 ] ¹ 0
ò x ( l ) d l is not periodic
-¥
c x [ k ] = (1 / T ) ò x ( t ) e- j 2 p kt /T dt Þ c x [ 0 ] = 10 8 ò ( 35 ´ 10 t ) dt = 35 / 2
8
T
0
-8
10 10 -8
c x [ k ] = 10 8 ò ( 35 ´ 10 t ) e ò
- j 2 p ´10 kt
dt = 35 ´ 1016 te- j 2 p ´10
8 8
kt
8
dt
0 0
ìé ö üï
-8
10
10 -8
ï e - j 2 p ´10 8 kt ù æ e - j 2 p ´10 8 kt
c x [ k ] = 35 ´ 10 í êt
16
8 ú
- ò ç 8 ÷
dt ý
ïî ë - j2 p ´ 10 k û0 0 è
- j2 p ´ 10 k ø ï
þ
ì - j 2p k 10 -8 ü
´ 10 -8 é e- j 2 p ´10 kt ù ï
8
16 ï e
c x [ k ] = 35 ´ 10 í- -ê ú ý
ï j2p ´ 10 k êë j2p ´ 10 k úû 0 ï
î
8
( 8 2
) þ
é 10 -16 e- j 2 p k 1 - e- j 2 p k ù 1 - e- j 2 p k - j2p ke- j 2 p k
c x [ k ] = 35 ´ 10 ê - 16
+ 16 ú
= 35
ë j2 p k ( j2p k ) 2
´ 10 û ( j2 p k ) 2
ì1 / 2 , k = 0
ï
c x [ k ] = 35 í j
ïî 2p k , k ¹ 0
Aw æ kw ö
Its CTFS harmonic function is c x [ k ] = sinc ç ÷
T0 è T0 ø
As the period T0 is increased, holding w constant, the duty
cycle is decreased. When the period becomes infinite (and
the duty cycle becomes zero) x ( t ) is no longer periodic.
M. J. Roberts - All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl 61
CTFS-to-CTFT Transition
Below are graphs of the magnitude of c x [ k ] for 50% and 10% duty
cycles. As the period increases the sinc function widens and its
magnitude falls. As the period approaches infinity, the CTFS
harmonic function becomes an infinitely-wide sinc function with zero
amplitude.
T0 T0
w= w=
2 10
Lowpass Highpass
Bandpass
X( f ) = ò Ae- j 2p ft dt = A ò e- j 2 p ft dt
-¥ -¥
Xs ( f ) = ò Ae- s t e- j 2p ft dt
-¥
does converge.
Linearity
X( 0 ) = ò x( t )dt
-¥
x( 0 ) = ò X( f )df
-¥