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1 Overview & DigestionAbsorption Protein Metabolism
1 Overview & DigestionAbsorption Protein Metabolism
1. Nitrogen Balance
2. Digestion & Absorption of
Proteins
Mbbs/BDS/March 2019
1
Nitrogen Balance
2
Overview
3
Catabolism overview
4
Amino Acid Pool
5
Nitrogen Balance
6
Protein Turnover
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Rate of protein turnover
• Protein turnover leads to daily hydrolysis and resynthesis of about 200
g of body proteins.
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Half life
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Signals for protein degradation
• Half life of proteins determined by N-terminal amino
acid sequence
Ubiquitin-
Lysosomal
Proteasome
enzymes
complex
• Degrades intracellular proteins.
• Degrades circulating plasma
11
proteins.
Ubiquitin-Proteasome degradation
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Ubiquitin (76 AA )
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Ubiquitin – Proteasome complex
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Nitrogen balance
Primarily, proteins serve as the building blocks of the body
and only about 15% of the energy is derived from proteins.
Amino acids may serve as the exclusive sources of energy
during starvation.
The minimum level of intake of proteins is 0.75 g/kg body
weight per day.
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• Negative Nitrogen Balance: The balance is said to be
negative, if the output exceeds the intake.
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Factors affecting N balance
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Factors affecting N balance
• 2. Physiological state.
• Starvation is a major cause of disturbance in nitrogen
balance. Similarly, the balance is negative during
malignancy, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and other chronic
diseases.
• Convalescence after an illness or surgery is accompanied by
tissue regeneration and, hence, a positive nitrogen balance.
• During the active growth period, nitrogen balance is positive
due to tissue building up.
• A pregnant woman is also under state of positive nitrogen
balance due to protein retention for the growth of fetus.
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Factors affecting N balance
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Digestion & Absorption of
Proteins
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Digestion
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Digestion of protein - hydrolysis
NH2 H
R CH C N CH COOH
O +H2O R
+ proteases
NH2
HHN CH COOH
R CH C OH
R
O
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Hormones regulating protein digestion
24
Protein digestion begins in stomach
25
Formation of HCl in parietal cells
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• Pepsin - inactive precursor pepsinogen
• Active @ pH 2-3, inactive pH>5
• Secretion stimulated by acetylcholine or
acid
• Only protease which can break down
collagen
• Action terminated by neutralisation by
bicarbonate in duodenum.
Digestion by pancreatic enzymes
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Activation of pancreatic proteases
Enterokinase
Trypsinogen Trypsin
Trypsinogen Trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin
Proelastase Elastase
Procarboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase
Specificity of Pancreatic enzymes
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Enzymes of the intestine
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Absorption
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Absorption of whole protein without degradation
• Few cases
a) Normally in infants where -globulins (antibodies)
present in colostrum are absorbed to acquire passive
immunity by the baby .
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Transport of amino acids into the cells
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Cystinuria
• 1 in 7000 incidence
• Most common
disorder of amino
acid transport
• Leads to cystine
stones in the
urinary tract
35
Hartnup disease
• An autosomal recessive inherited disease. .
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Clinical featurs – Hartnup disease
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