Topic: OPERATING SYSTEM

CONCEPTS

BY: Utkarsh Srivastava

• To define the term Operating
System
• To discuss the historic overview
of O/S
• Types of Operating Systems
• Interpret the basic functions of
Operating System
• To make the computer system convenient to
use.

• To use the computer hardware in an efficient

manner.
The purpose of an operating system is
to provide an environment in which a
user may execute programs.
Abstract view of the components of
a computer system
Users
Application Programs
Operating system

Computer Hardware
 An Operating System is an
interface between user and
hardware of a computer system.
An Operating System is a system
software which may be viewed as an
organized collection of software
consisting of procedures for operating a
computer and providing an environment
for execution of programs.
• An Operating System is a control program.

• An Operating System is similar to a

Government.

• An Operating System can be defined as a

Resource Manager.
Early systems:
In the early systems, no Operating System
programs runs on a base machine.
Simple Monitor:
Monitor programs were developed
that
allowed users to “batch” their jobs
together, which constituted an
automatic job sequencing.
Offline Operation:
As computers became more complex,
especially with regard to I/O device
management, offline operating systems
were developed that permanently
resided in memory and provided I/O
Control Services for user jobs.
Buffering and Spooling:
More ways to overlap CPU with
slower operations.
Buffering:- overlap computing with

I/O for same job.

Spooling:- overlap computing with
I/O for different jobs.
Multiprogramming:
• Multiprogramming was used as a
technique to enhance the throughput
efficiency.
• Overlapping interleaving computing
of different jobs.
• More than one job is “ready” at the
same time.
 DISK

CARD LINE
CPU
READER PRINTER
• Multitasking operating system
• Multiprocessing operating system
• Multi-user operating system
Timesharing system:
This executes commands of
several users as they are
entered, attempting to provide
each user with a reasonably
short response time to each
command.
Real-time system:
It is designed to respond
quickly to external signals
such as those generated by
data sensors.
 Memory management
 Process management
 Device management
 Information management
 Protection
 Error Handling
 Memory management
 Process management
 Device management
The o/s keeps track of
 Information management
the memory, what parts are
 Protection
in use and by whom.
 Error Handling
 Memory management
 Process management
 Device management
 Information The o/s keeps track of
management
processors and the status
 Protection of processes. It decides
who will have a chance to
 Error Handling
use the processor.
 Memory management
 Process management
 Device management
 Information management
 The o/s keeps track of the devices,
Protection
channels, control units and
 Error Handling
decides what is an efficient
way to allocate the device.
 O/S keeps track of the information,
its location, use, status etc.
 Memory andmanagement
decides who gets use
of the resources,
 Process management
enforce protection requirements.
 Device management
 Information management
 Protection
 Error Handling
 MemoryAnmanagement
o/s is to protect the user
from unauthorized access
 Process management
of his files or data.
 Device management
And also it should protect
 itself from users
Information management
 Protection
 Error Handling
 Memory management
An o/s must respond to
 Process management
errors by taking the
 Device management
appropriate actions.
 Information management
 Protection
 Error Handling
FILE CONCEPT

File is a collection of related information.

It is named and is referred by its name.
Files are organized into directories for
easy access.
DIRECTORY STRUCTURE
ROOT D0

D1 D2 D3

F1 D21 F21 D31 F31

D311 F311
CLIENT-SERVER MODEL

User process(client process) sends the

request to a server process, which
when does the work and sends back
the answer.
CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE

CLIENT is an application that runs on a

personal computer or on a workstation
and relies on SERVER to perform some
operations such as managing files,
disk drives, printers or network traffic.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

The Software that enhances a basic

Operating System by adding Networking
Features.

Examples: Novell Netware, WINDOWS NT

Distributed operating system is one
that looks to its users like an ordinarily
centralized operating system but runs
on multiple independent CPU’s. Key
concept is TRANSPARENCY.
SUMMARY:

• Operating system is an essential

component of system software
which consists of procedures for
managing computer resources.

• Operating system functions

primarily includes Memory,
Process,Device, File management.