TITLE

INSTRUMENTATION
AND
MEASUREMENT
GROUPS MEMBERS

BHAGWAN DAS (2912)

SHAHZAIB ALI (2937)
SIMRAN (2939)
HAMZA KHAN(2923)
MUHAMMAD AQIB (2919)
ZULQERNAIN (2950)
 BRIDGES

 Bridge circuit is a simplest form consists of a network of four resistance

arms forming a closed circuit. a source of current is applied to two
opposite junctions. the current detector is connected to other two
junctions.
 Bridge circuits are used for measuring the unknown resistance,
inductance, capacitance, frequency etc.
 Wheatstone’s bridge

 Wheatstone’s bridge is the most accurate method available for measuring resistances and
is popular for laboratory use.
Limitation of wheatstone’s
bridge

 One of the major drawback of the wheatstone’s bridge is that, it can measure
the resistance from few ohm to several mega ohm but to measure
low resistance it gives significant error.
 For low resistance measurement, the resistance of the leads and contacts
becomes significant and introduces an error.
 This can be eliminated by kelvin’s double bridge or kelvin bridge.
CLASSIFICATION OF
RESISTANCE
Methods for Low-Resistance
Measurement:

 Voltmeter and Ammeter Method

 Potentiometer method
 Kelvin Bridge Method
 Kelvin’s double Bridge Method
VOLTMETER AND AMMETER
METHOD
In this circuit the voltmeter measures the true value of the voltage across the measuring resistance but the
ammeter does not measures the true value of the current flowing through the resistance .the current through
the ammeter is the sum of the current through the voltmeter and resistance.

Let Rv be the resistance of the voltmeter.

From the above equation it is clear the true value of the resistance will be equal to the measured value
only when the voltmeter resistance is equal to the infinite. However, if the resistance of the voltmeter
is very large as compared to the resistance under measurement:
 POTENTIOMETER METHOD

 The unknown resistance x is connected in series with a standard known resistance s. current
through the ammeter in the circuit is controlled by a rheostat. a two-pole double throw switch is
used. when the switch is in the position 1-1’, the unknown resistance x gets connected to the
potentiometer, whereas when the switch is at position 2-2’, the
standard resistance s gets connected to the potentiometer.
 thus, with the switch in position 1-1’, the potentiometer reading is the voltage drop across the
unknown resistance, given by Vx= I*X
𝑉𝑥 𝐼𝑋

𝑉𝑠
= 𝐼𝑆
𝑉𝑥 𝑋

𝑉𝑠
= 𝑆
𝑉𝑥
 𝑋= 𝑉𝑠
.𝑆
 Kelvin bridge
 The Kelvin double bridge is one of the best devices available for the precise measurement
of low resistances.
 It is the modification of wheatstone bridge by which the errors due to contact resistance
and lead resistances are eliminated.
 Principles

Due to which we have use this kelvin

bridge
Suppose that P and Q are known
resistance in this bridge
R is unknown resistance
S is standard resistance
When we use it laboratory then P,Q resistances are
connected to each other
All these resistance connected through the connecting
lead
The connecting lead will also have some resistance
So, if we want to measure the resistance of connecting lead
we can use the kalvin bridge
In between R and S considering a connecting lead
Where r is the resistance of the connecting lead
Now connecting the galvanometer on point m and n
 Cases
Case 1
When the connection at point m small r is added
to the standard resistance

So we will get the unknown resistance as greater then the

actual value

Case 2
Now we connecting galvanometer at point n then is
resistance added to unknown resistance So, R will become
R+r

So in both cases we have see the value of the resistance

which are getting is not true value of resistance
At point m the will be lower than the actual value (low result)
At point n the value will be greater than the actual value(high
result)
Case 3

Instead of galvanometer connection to point

m and n we are making the galvanometer
connection to point d, which is intermediate
at point m and n such that the resistance of
the connecting lead are divided into two
parts r1 and r2
Derivation;
Kelvin Double Bridge
Kelvin double bridge
 Kelvin double bridge and in some countries are called Thomson bridge
 Kelvin double bridge is one of the best devices available for the precise
measurement of low resistances.
 It is the modification of wheatstone bridge by which the errors due to
contact resistance and lead resistances are eliminated.
 This bridge is named double bridge because it contains a second set of
ratio arms.
Construction:
First set of ratio arm R2 and R1.

Second set of ratio arm is b and a.

Galvanometer is connected between the two arms at point 3.

Principle:

Ratio of b/a is made equal to R2/R1 under balance condition there is no current
through the galvanometer which means voltage drop between Elk is equal to Elmc.
Derivation:
 This is the usual equation for Kelvins Bridge theory. It indicates that the
resistance of the connecting lead has no effect on the measurement,
provided that the ratios of the resistances of the two sets of ratio arms are
equal. In a typical Kelvins Bridge theory the range of a resistance covered is 1
— 0.00001 Ω (10 μohm) with an accuracy of ± 0.05% to ± 0.2%.
Loss Of Charge
Method
LOSS OF CHARGE METHOD
Loss of Charge Method
Then discharge equation of
capacitor gives,
R’=0.4343 t / (C log V/v)
PRICE GUARD
WIRE METHOD