Agricultural Crop

Production
 Objectives
• To identify and learn the basic concepts of agricultural
crop production as well as the importance.
• To know the different farm practices in agricultural crop
production.
• To describe the different equipment and machines in
tilling the soil.
• To identify the different major crops in the Philippines
and the Philippine climate and planting calendar.
 Food
• It is the basic requirement of life to survive
• It is made up of various kinds of energy rich
substances like carbohydrates, protein
vitamins, and mineral which are known as
nutrients.
Sources of Food
• Cereal
• Pulses
• Oil seed Crops
• Fruits and vegetables
 Agriculture
• It is the branch of science which deals with
the production of plants and raising of
animals useful to man.
• Involves soil cultivation, breeding and
management of crops and livestock.
 Meaning of Agriculture
based on different
authors
• Agriculture is the systematic raising of
useful plants and livestock under the
management of man (Rimando, T.J.
2004. Crop Science 1: Fundamentals of
Crop Science. U.P. Los Baños:
University Publications Office. p. 1).
• Agriculture is the growing of both
plants and animals for human needs
(Abellanosa, A.L. and H.M. Pava.
1987. Introduction to Crop Science.
Central Mindanao University,
Musuan, Bukidnon: Publications
Office. p. 238).
• Agriculture is the deliberate effort to modify
a portion of Earth's surface through the
cultivation of crops and the raising of
livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
(Rubenstein, J.M. 2003. The Cultural
Landscape: An Introduction to Human
Geography. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Education, Inc. p. 496).
• Agriculture includes farming in all branches and,
among other things, includes the cultivation and
tillage of soil, dairying, the production, cultivation,
growing and harvesting of any agricultural and
horticultural commodities, the raising of livestock or
poultry, and any practices performed by a farmer on
a farm as an incident to or in conjunction with such
farming operations, but does not include the
manufacturing or processing of sugar, coconuts,
abaca, tobacco, pineapple or other farm products.
(Art. 97 (d), Chapter I, Title II, Labor Code of the
Philippines).
 Crop
- When plants of same kind are grown and
cultivated at one place on large scales, it is
called a crop.
- Different types of crops require different
climate condition.
 Production
• The action of making or manufacturing from
components or raw materials, or the so
manufactured
• May also refer to the goods being produced.
• It is the method of turning raw materials or
inputs into finished goods or products in
manufacturing process. In other words, it
means the creation od something from basic
inputs.
 Crop Production
Practices
• Preparation of Soil
• Sowing
• Adding manure and fertilizers
• Irrigation
• Protection from weeds
• Harvesting
• Storage
Preparation of
Soil
• Includes ploughing
and leveling
 Ploughing Tilling
• Process of loosening and turning of soil
• Done by using a plough
• Ploughs are made of wood or iron
• Allows the roots to penetrate deeper easily
• Soil is overturned and properly aerated by
ploughing
 Leveling
• Process to make soil surface in level for
sowing seeds
• Done by using a leveler, made of wood or
iron
 Sowing
• Done by broadcaster and seed drill
• Before sowing, good quality are selected
 Applying manure and
fertilizers
Manure Fertilizer
- Organic natural substances, derived from - Organic or inorganic substances
decomposition of biological materials

- Contain organic matter in large quantities - Organic matter not present

- Contain nutrient in small quantities and - Contain much higher amount of nutrients and
are needed in large quantities are required in very small quantities
 Irrigation
• Process of supplying water to crop plants
growing in the fields by means of canal,
reservoir, wells, tube wells, etc.
• -Water provide essential macronutrients
to crop--- hydrogen and oxygen.
Types of Irrigation

• Soil Based Irrigation

• Crop Based Irrigation
 Removal of Weeds

• Weeds: undesirable plants with the main

crop, compete with the main crop for
water, nutrients, space, light.
• Weeding: removal of weeds.
Weeding Methods
• Biological Methods
• Chemical Methods
• Cultural Methods
• Mechanical Methods
 Harvesting
• Cutting of crop after its maturation
• Done by sickle or by a machine called harvester
• Grains are separated from chaff by a process
called threshing
• Threshing is carried out by combine (harvester +
thresher).
 Storage of Grains

• After threshing, grains are dried in sun and then

packed
• Farmers store food grains in jute bags or metallic bins
• Large scale storage is done in silos and granaries and
stored in godowns.
• At domestic level, dried neem leaves are also used.
 Sustainable Agriculture

• Agriculture practices that can continue for very long

time without damaging the natural resources.
Can be done by:
• Mixed farming
• Crop Rotation
• Mixed Cropping
• Intercropping
 Mixed Cropping

Three Sisters (Bean+Squash+Corn)

• The spreading, big- leafed squash shades
the ground conserving moisture,
inhibiting weeds and deterring pests.
• The corn acts as a natural beanpole, while the
beans contribute nitrogen to the soil for the
other crops to use. Together, beans and corn
provide a complete protein. In this photo, you
can see the light green leaves of a bean plant
growing at the base of the cornstalk.
 Green Revolution
• Started in 1960 by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
(father of green revolution)
• Main aim was to increase production of
wheat by modern agricultural practices
• High yield dwarf variety of wheat
“Sharbati sonara” was developed in 1967.
Farming utilizes land or water areas as facilities for
food production, mainly for agricultural practice or for
aquaculture. Useful commodities include among others:
Grains Fish Livestock Fibre
• Several farming methods are practiced worldwide.
Some of these include:
 Subsistence
Farming
• Characterized by farmers having
small and scattered land areas,
most farmers practicing this
method are poor who never use:
 Fertilizer High-yield seed varieties

• They produce for local

consumption. In this method, work
is done manually following
traditional processes.
 Plantation
Agriculture
• Introduced by the British in the 19th century, this
method:
• Involves planting a single crop variety over huge
tracts of land. Requires lots of capital to run.
• Also, it’s dependent on: Agricultural experts
Sophisticated farm machinery Irrigation
Fertilizers Good transport facilities.