Borehole Seismic

Introduction
 Overview

Introduction

Seismic Signals in the borehole

Borehole Environment

Borehole survey types

Borehole seismic deployment

 What is a VSP?

A VSP or Vertical Seismic Profile is the

process of recording seismic data in a
wellbore environment. The geophones
are vertical in the earth versus
horizontal along it as in surface
seismic.
 Borehole Seismic Surveys
Checkshot Integrated Seismic Surveys Offset VSP

GECO LONGVA
OSLO

4C
Sensors

Zero Offset DBSeis

Pressure &
Temperature

Flow &
Phase

Salt Proximity Walkaway 3D-VSP SeismicMWD

Vertical Incidence

LWD
Tool
Introduction

Seismic Signals in the borehole

Borehole Environment

Borehole survey types

Borehole seismic deployment

Seismic Signal in the Borehole

Time
• Downgoing direct arrival
• Reflected upgoing primary
• Downgoing multiple
• Reflected upgoing multiple

Depth
 Vertical Seismic Profile
• Time-Depth
• Seismic Reflections
Time

Depth
 One-Way Time vs. Two Way Time

Surface Seismic VSP TWT = OWT + TT

Time

TWT
TT Reflection
TWT

TT

OWT Transit Reflection

Time (TT) Time (OWT)

Depth
Borehole Multiples
Upgoing Multiples
Borehole Multiples
Downgoing Multiple
Borehole Multiples

All Multiples
 Tube Wave Energy
Source

Tube waves are generated when surface

waves from the source come in contact
with the borehole fluid and become a
guided wave traveling up and down the At changes in the
borehole. borehole
dimensions some
As the tube wave travels vertically in the of the tube wave
borehole it pushes the wall horizontally. energy will be
When the geophones are properly reflected back to
the surface. This
clamped to the borehole wall most of the
will also occur
tube wave energy will be seen in the when the energy
horizontal geophones. reaches the
bottom of the
hole.
 Tube Waves
Raw Data
Vertical Channel One-Way Time
Y
Depth

Tube wave

HODOGM

Y
Horizontal
Channel

Tube wave
HODOGM
Surface Seismic Comparison

Surface Seismic VSP Data

Offset Depth
Introduction

Seismic Signals in the borehole

Borehole Environment

Borehole survey types

Borehole seismic deployment

Resonance types & effects
Resonance generates signal distortion

Coupling Modal
resonance effect resonance
effect
 Resonance Attenuation
 Reduce tool dimension & mass
 Increase tool application force
 Optimize contact geometry

Combined tools

Shaker

Coupling contacts

Geophones

Isolating
springs

Versatile Seismic Imager - VSI Combinable Seismic Imager - CSI Array Seismic Imager - ASI

Isolated geophone package: 3.5 lbs Isolated geophone package: 20 lbs Isolated geophone package: 9 lbs
Positive mechanical anchoring Positive mechanical anchoring Magnetic clamping
Shaker Response
Introduction

Seismic Signals in the borehole

Borehole Environment

Borehole survey types

Borehole seismic deployment

 Borehole Seismic History
Checkshot Single Trace 2-D Lateral Coverage
 Checkshot Surveys
CHECKSHOT
Source Formation Travel
Depth (m)

Depth Model Surface Times

Seismic

Acoustic
Impedance
Formation
Velocities
Geophones

Synthetic
Seismogram
Depth-Velocity
Model Inputs

Surface
Time (s)
Seismic
Correlation
Wavelet
Processing
 Zero Offset VSP
ZERO OFFSET
Depth (m)
Source Surface
Depth Model Surface Seismic
Seismic
Correlation
Over-pressure
Zone Prediction
Geophones

Corridor
Stack
Multiple Pattern
Identification

Wavelet
Time (s)
Processing

Formation
Velocities
 Vertical Incident VSP
WALKABOVE
Depth (m) Sources Surface
Depth Model Surface Seismic
Seismic
Correlation
Lateral
Coverage
Geophones

VSP
Image Beneath Well
Multiple Pattern
Identification

Fault and Dip

Time (s)
Identification

Formation
Velocities
 Offset VSP
OFFSET
Depth (m) Source Surface
Depth Model Surface Seismic
Seismic
Correlation
Fault and Dip
Identification
Geophones

VSP
Image

Salt Proximity
Identification

Time (s)
Shear Wave
Analysis

Surface Seismic
Survey Design
 Imaging Walkaway
WALKAWAY
Depth (m) Source Surface
Surface Seismic
Seismic
Correlation
Geophones
Fault and Dip
Identification

Depth Model Shear Wave

VSP Analysis
Image

Surface Seismic
Survey Design
 AVO Walkaway
AVO WALKAWAY
Source Positions True Seismic
P-Wave S-Wave
Amplitude
With Changing
Offset

P-P and P-SV

Analysis

Anisotropy
velocity model

Reflector Q factor
analysis
Salt Proximity Survey
Provides
Accurate Salt
Face Image
2D, 2.5D and 3D
Imaging Solutions
 3D VSP
Very High Sub-
3-DVSP
3D VSP
Well 1 Well 2
Surface Imaging
Resolution
Exploration and
Development
Surface Applications
Well 1 Well 2
seismic 3D
PSDM Detailed Preplanning
and 3D Modeling
Required

3D-VSP Depth
Migration
Introduction

Seismic Signals in the borehole

Borehole Environment

Borehole survey types

Borehole seismic deployment

 Borehole seismic on Wireline

Recording
Unit

 Applications Pit Reference

Sensors
 All seismic applications Source

 Operations - Max deviation

 dependant of well liquid type Downgoing Wavefront
& well geometry (example: so
Downhole
far, ASI ran in 77 deg deviation,
Geophones
in Brine)
 Pipe Conveyed Acquisition
 Applications
 All seismic applications

 Operations
 Max deviation: no limit (113o exp)
 Ex : 3 * CSI / MDT / Pex / DSI
 Extendable CSI sub isolates geophones
from tool body & pipes

Tension Gamma Compression

sub Resistivity spectroscopy sub

Wet CSI CSI CSI Pressure Sonic Gamma

connect sampling density
Neutron
 Through Drill Seismic TDS
 Applications TDS Thru-Drill Seis
 All seismic applications, &
particularly... Conventional
… Position of the drill bit: VSP source

 on the surface seismic

 from the target
... Imaging beside the well
... Prediction ahead of the bit

 Operations
 Data acquisition
... Tool Pumped down
… Reciprocate between levels
… No circulation
GAC sensor
… Acquisition 10 min max
 Min deviation so far = 7 deg Drill
 Max deviation so far = 90 deg bit

 Saving rig time

 Taking effective and fast decisions
 Logging While Drilling
Drill Bit Seismics SeismicMWD

Sensor Surface System

Source

MWD telemetry
 Applications
Sensors
Real Time checkshots...
Weights
… Position of the drill bit:
 on the surface seismic sea floor sea floor
 from the target
… Along with ISONIC:
 Calibration of ISONIC data
& RT Synthetic seismogram
Drill Bit LWD Tool
 Operations
 Saving rig time seismic reflector seismic
 Taking effective and fast reflector

decisions
 Through Tubing Seismic

VSP source

 Applications
 All seismic applications, &
particularly...
... Imaging beside the well (coil tubing
drilling, well redevelopment, etc)

 Operations
 Data acquisition - Stop production Geophones
(GAC)
 Simultaneous Acquisition

 Applications
 All seismic applications, &
particularly...
… Acquiring borehole seismic data
before surface processing starts:
Velocity anisotropy, Q attenuation, AVO,
VSP-guided processing, shear model

Operation
 Tool stays stationary in the well
 Platform
 Joint acquisitions with GP