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Inquiry Into Life: Sylvia S. Mader
Inquiry Into Life: Sylvia S. Mader
Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 7
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7.1 Metabolism
7.1 Metabolism
• Catabolism
– Food contains three nutrients that are used as energy
sources
– These nutrients can be broken down into smaller
molecules
• Carbohydrates Glucose
• Fats Glycerol and Fatty Acids
• Proteins Amino Acids
7.1 Metabolism
• Anabolism
– Many of the building blocks of larger molecules come
directly from our food.
• Glucose Glycogen
• Amino Acids Proteins
7.1 Metabolism
• Cellular Respiration
– Release of energy from glucose (usually) coupled to
ATP synthesis
– An aerobic process that requires O2 and releases
CO2
Cellular Respiration
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• This is hard. You must learn it. So –
• Get it done
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Metabolic pathways allow energy within glucose
to be released
• Release of energy does happen all at once
• As glucose is broken down, ATP is built up
• Breakdown of glucose results in 36 or 38 ATP
molecules
• The energy released is by the removal of a
phosphate group
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• NAD+ and FAD
• Two coenzymes of oxidation and reduction that are active
during cellular respiration
• They carry electrons from the cytoplasm or the mitochondrial
matrix and carry them to the cristae of the mitochondria
• NAD+ and FAD each carry two electrons and two hydrogen
atoms
The NAD+ Cycle
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Phases of Cellular Respiration
– Glycolysis
– Preparatory Reaction
– Citric Acid Cycle
– Electron Transport Chain
– We will simplify: Glycolysis, Krebs
cycle, electron transport
Phases of Glucose Breakdown
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Glycolysis
– Breakdown of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate
– Oxidation by removal of hydrogens releases enough
energy to make 2 ATP
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Glycolysis
– Breakdown of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate
– Oxidation by removal of hydrogens releases enough
energy to make 2 ATP
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Glycolysis
– Breakdown of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate
– Oxidation by removal of hydrogens releases enough
energy to make 2 ATP
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Preparatory Reaction
– Pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide is
removed
– Prep reaction occurs twice because glycolysis
produces 2 pyruvates
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Citric Acid Cycle
– Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters the
cycle
– Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that produces 1
ATP and carbon dioxide
– Citric acid cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA’s
are produced per glucose
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Electron Transport Chain
– Series of electron carrier molecules
– Electrons passed from one carrier to another
– As the electrons move from a higher energy state to a
lower one, energy is released to make ATP
– Under aerobic conditions 32-34 ATP per glucose
molecule can be produced
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Electron Transport Chain
– Series of electron carrier molecules
– Electrons passed from one carrier to another
– As the electrons move from a higher energy state to a
lower one, energy is released to make ATP
– Under aerobic conditions 32-34 ATP per glucose
molecule can be produced
7.2 Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Pyruvate
– Pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration
– If no oxygen is available, pyruvate is reduced to
lactate (in animals) or alcohol and carbon dioxide (in
plants) in a process called fermentation
– Fermentation results in a net gain of 2 ATP/glucose
7.3 Outside the Mitochondria:
Gycolysis
7.3 Outside the Mitochondria:
Gycolysis
• Energy-Investment Steps
– Energy from 2 ATP is used to activate glucose
– Glucose is split into two 3-carbon G3P molecules
7.3 Outside the Mitochondria:
Gycolysis
• Energy-Harvesting Steps
– Oxidation of G3P by removal of hydrogens
– Hydrogen’s are picked up by NAD+ to form NADH
– Oxidation of G3P and further substrates yields
enough energy to produce 4 ATP by direct substrate
phosphorylation
Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs
7.4 Inside the Mitochondria
• Preparatory Reaction
– Produces the molecule that will enter the citric acid
cycle
– 3C pyruvate is converted to 2C acetyl CoA
– Carbon dioxide is produced
– Hydrogen atoms are removed from pyruvate and
picked up to form NADH
– This reaction occurs twice per glucose
The Preparatory Reaction
7.4 Inside the Mitochondria
• Organization of Cristae
– Electron carriers are arranged along the cristae
• As electrons are passed, energy is used to pump
H+ into the intermembrane space of mitochondrion
• As H+ moves back into matrix energy is released
and captured to form ATP by ATP synthase
complexes
– Process is called chemiosmosis
Organization of Cristae
Energy Yield per
Glucose Molecule
7.4 Inside the Mitochondria
7.4 Inside the Mitochondria
• Fermentation
– Occurs when O2 is not available
– Animal cells convert pyruvate to lactate
– Other organisms convert pyruvate to alcohol and CO2
– Fermentation regenerates NAD+ which keeps
glycolysis going
7.5 Fermentation