PRINCESS LYN M.

CASTROMAYOR
MTE-DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
GROUP NO. 3
Chapter 3
It covers the first main part of inferential
statistics, namely estimation in two branches : point and
interval estimation by introducing the sample statistics as
estimator for the population parameters.
3.1 SAMPLING

The purpose of sampling is to enable us to make

inferences about a population after inspecting only a portion (a
sample) of that population. Such factors as cost, time,
destructive testing, and infinite population make sampling
preferable to making a complete inspection (census and
complete enumeration) of a population.
 There are some numerical characteristics about the population
which the investigator wants to know. Such as numerical facts called
Parameters.
Parameter- is a numerical value or characteristics of a population.
example:
opopulation size,
opopulation mean,
oa proportion of some attribute and
ovariability in population.

The parameters can only be estimated from a sample by a quantities called

Statistics.
Statistics-a numerical summary or characteristics of a sample.
 Methods of Sampling from Population
A. Probability Sampling
The sampling method in which
all the members of the population
has a pre-specified and an equal
chance to be a part of the sample.
B. Non-Probability Sampling
Where all the individuals of the
population are not given an equal
opportunity of becoming a part of the
sample.
 Types of Probability Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling

This sampling method is as
easy as assigning numbers to the
individuals (sample) and then randomly
choosing from those numbers through an
automated process.
2. Systematic Sampling
It involves a method where
a larger population can be divided into
smaller groups, that usually don’t
overlap but represent the entire
population together.
3. Stratified Sampling
Is obtain by dividing the population
into separate homogeneous categories or
groups that do not overlap.
This sampling method is also called
“random quota sampling”.
Age, socioeconomic divisions, nationality,
religion, educational achievements and
other such classifications fall under stratified
random sampling.
4. Clustered Sampling
Is obtain like the stratified
sample by dividing the population
into groups, obtain a simple random
sample from the groups as a whole
and select all the individuals within
the randomly selected group or
stratum.
 Types of Non- Probability Sampling
1. Convenience Sampling
Also called availability sampling is
a non-probability/non-random sampling
technique used to create sample as per
ease of access, readiness to be a part of
the sample, availability at a given time slot
or any other practical specifications of a
particular element.
The researcher chooses members
merely on the basis of proximity and doesn’t
consider whether they represent the entire
population or not. Using this technique, they
can observe habits, opinions, and viewpoints
in the easiest possible manner.
2. Quota Sampling
Is a non-probability sampling method
in which researchers can form a sample
involving individuals that represent a
population and are chosen according to traits
or qualities.
Researchers can decide the trait as per
which the sample subset selection will be
conducted so that the sample can be
effective in collecting data that can be
generalized to the entire population.
3. Judgment Sampling
Also called purposive sampling
or authoritative sampling, is a non-
probability sampling technique in which the
sample members are chosen only on the
basis of the researcher’s knowledge and
judgment.
As the researcher’s knowledge is
instrumental in creating a sample in this
sampling technique, there are chances that
the results obtained will be highly accurate
with a minimum margin of error.
4. Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling or chain-
referral sampling is defined as a non-
probability sampling technique in which
the samples have traits that are rare to
find.
This is a sampling technique, in
which existing subjects provide referrals
to recruit samples required for a
research study.
 Under the right conditions, any of the above methods of
Non-probability sampling may give a representative sample of the
population.

Disadvantages:
1. There may be a systematic tendency on the part of the sampling
procedure to exclude one kind of a unit or another from the
sample. This is called Selection Bias.
2. Non-probability sampling is not amenable to the development of
sample theory, since no element of random selection is employed.
That is, we cannot compute the precision or any quantity
measuring the error of the estimators.
 3.2 Point of Estimation

Estimation stands as the first part of inferential statistics, while

the second part is the hypothesis testing.

Two types of estimation

1. Point Estimate-is the value of a statistics ,which has been calculated
from a sample that estimates a parameter of the population.
2. Interval Estimate-is a range of values calculated on the information in
sample that the parameter in population will be within that range
with some degree of confidence.
 3.2.1 Statistics as Estimator for Parameters
It is visible that we use statistics to estimate due to the lack of
time, energy, resources, and infinite populations. Statistics from the
sample can be listed as: proportions, Arithmetic averages, ranges,
quartiles, percentiles, variances, and standard deviations. It will
become clear enough what each one means and what will stand for.
Difference of Point Estimate and Interval Estimate