Buño , Jomarie

Encarnacion , Denise
Manalo , Pearl
Melgar , Clarence
Oliveros, April
A drug that suppresses pain perception
without inducing unconsciousness.

Example:
Aspirin- it is used to reduce fever and
relieve mild to moderate pain from
conditions such as muscle aches,
toothaches, common cold and
headaches
When should aspirin not to be taken?
- contraindicated in patients with history
of severe bleeding problems, liver
damage, who are taking anticoagulant
medications and hypersensitivity.

When should aspirin be taken?

- Take it daily to prevent heart attacks
A drug that supplies insulin or
stimulates the secretion of insulin.

Example:
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors- it will help
your body break down starchy foods
and table sugar. This effect lowers your
blood sugar level
When should alpha-glucosidase inhibitors not to be
taken?
- when there’s an inflammatory bowel disease like
ulcerative colitis.

When should alpha-glucosidase inhibitors be taken?

- When you still have high blood sugars.

How to take alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

- Take an alpha-glucosidase inhibitors with first bite of
each meal.
A central nervous system
depressant used to induce mild
relaxation.

Example:
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam (valium)- treats anxiety,
panic disorders, sleep disorders.
Hypnotics
Zolpidem (ambien)- treats sleeping
disorders.
When should benzodiazepines and
hypnotics not to be taken?

- Benzodiazepines is contraindicated in
people with bronchitis.
- Hypnotics is contraindicated in patients
with disturbed sleep associated with sleep
apnea.
When should benzodiazepines and hypnotics be
taken?
- Benzodiazepines should be taken to induce
relaxation and loss of memory of medical
procedures or surgery
- Hypnotics should be taken when you have a sleep
problem like insomia.

How to take benzodiazepines and hypnotics

drugs?
- Benzodiazepines can take in the morning and
evening.
- Hypnotics can take when you can’t sleep.
Anticoagulants are medicines that help prevent blood clots.
They're given to people at a high risk of getting clots, to reduce
their chances of developing serious conditions such as strokes and
heart attacks.

A blood clot is a seal created by the blood to stop bleeding from

wounds. While they're useful in stopping bleeding, they can block
blood vessels and stop blood flowing to organs such as the brain,
heart or lungs if they form in the wrong place.

Anticoagulants work by interrupting the process involved in the

formation of blood clots. They're sometimes called "blood-
thinning" medicines, although they don't actually make the blood
thinner.
The most commonly prescribed anticoagulant is warfarin.

Newer types of anticoagulants are also available and are becoming

increasingly common. These include:

rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
dabigatran (Pradaxa)
apixaban (Eliquis)
edoxaban (Lixiana)

Warfarin and the newer alternatives are taken as tablets or

capsules. There's also an anticoagulant called heparin that can be
given by injection.
If a blood clot blocks the flow of blood through a blood vessel, the affected
part of the body will become starved of oxygen and will stop working properly.

Depending on where the clot forms, this can lead to serious problems such as:

strokes or transient ischaemic attacks ("mini-strokes")

heart attacks
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
pulmonary embolism
Treatment with anticoagulants may be recommended if your doctor feels
you're at an increased risk of developing one of these problems. This may be
because you've had blood clots in the past or you've been diagnosed with a
condition such as atrial fibrillation that can cause blood clots to form.

You may also be prescribed an anticoagulant if you've recently had surgery, as

the period of rest and inactivity you need during your recovery can increase
your risk of developing a blood clot.
Like all medicines, there's a risk of experiencing side effects while
taking anticoagulants.

The main side effect is that you can bleed too easily, which can
cause problems such as:

• passing blood in your urine

• passing blood when you poo or having black poo
• severe bruising
• prolonged nosebleeds
• bleeding gums
• vomiting blood or coughing up blood
• heavy periods in women
For most people, the benefits of taking anticoagulants will outweigh
the risk of excessive bleeding.
Antidepressants are medications that can help relieve
symptoms of depression, social anxiety disorder, anxiety
disorders, seasonal affective disorder, and dysthymia, or mild
chronic depression, as well as other conditions.

They aim to correct chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters

in the brain that are believed to be responsible for changes in
mood and behavior.

Antidepressants were first developed in the 1950s. Their use

has become progressively more common in the last 20 years.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC), the percentage of people aged 12 years and over using
antidepressant in the United States rose from 7.7 percent in
1999-2002 to 12.7 percent in 2011-2014. Around twice as many
females use antidepressants as males.
• Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
(SNRIs)

• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

• Noradrenaline and specific serotoninergic

antidepressants (NASSAs)
Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are used to treat
major depression, mood disorders, and possibly but less commonly attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),
anxiety disorders, menopausal symptoms, fibromyalgia, and chronic
neuropathic pain.

Examples include duloxetine (Cymbalta), venlafaxine (Effexor) and

desvenlafaxine (Pristiq).

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly

prescribed antidepressants. They are effective in treating depression, and they
have fewer side effects than the other antidepressants.

SSRIs block the reuptake, or absorption, of serotonin in the brain. This makes it
easier for the brain cells to receive and send messages, resulting in better and
more stable moods.

They are called "selective" because they mainly seem to affect serotonin, and
not the other neurotransmitters.
• hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar
• low sodium
• nausea
• rash
• dry mouth
• constipation or diarrhea
• weight loss
• sweating
• tremor
• sedation
• sexual dysfunction
• insomnia
• headache
• dizziness
• anxiety and agitation
• abnormal thinking
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are so named because there are three
rings in the chemical structure of these medications. They are used to
treat depression, fibromyalgia, some types of anxiety, and they can
help control chronic pain.

Tricyclics may have the following side effects:

• Seizures
• Anxiety
• Hypertension
• nausea and vomiting
• weight loss
• urinary retention
• sexual dysfunction
▪ insomnia
▪ arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat
▪ rash
▪ abdominal cramps
▪ constipation
▪ increased pressure on the eye

Examples include amitriptyline (Elavil), amoxapine- clomipramine

(Anafranil), desipramine (Norpramin), doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine
(Tofranil), nortriptyline (Pamelor), protriptyline (Vivactil) and
trimipramine (Surmontil).
This type of antidepressant was commonly prescribed before the introduction of SSRIs
and SNRIs.

• It inhibits the action of monoamine oxidase, a brain enzyme. Monoamine oxidase

helps break down neurotransmitters, such as serotonin.
• If less serotonin is broken down, there will be more circulating serotonin. In theory,
this leads to more stabilized moods and less anxiety.
• Doctors now use MAOIs if SSRIs have not worked. MAOIs are generally saved for
cases where other antidepressants have not worked because MAOIs interact with
several other medications and some foods.

Side effects include:

• blurred vision rash
• Seizures edema
• weight loss or weight gain sexual dysf unction
• diarrhea, nausea, and constipation anxiety
• insomnia and drowsiness headache
• Dizziness arrhythmia, or irregular heart rhythm

Examples of MAOIs include phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate),

isocarboxazid (Marplan) and selegiline (EMSAM, Eldepryl).
These are used to treat anxiety disorders, some personality disorders, and
depression.

Possible side effects include:

• constipation
• dry mouth
• weight gain
• drowsiness and sedation
• blurred vision
• Dizziness

More serious adverse reactions include seizures, white blood cell reduction,
fainting, and allergic reactions.

Examples include Mianserin (Tolvon) and Mirtazapine (Remeron, Avanza,

Zispin).
Antipsychotic medications, sometimes referred to as
neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are prescribed to treat
schizophrenia and to reduce the symptoms associated with
psychotic conditions such as bipolar, psychotic depression,
senile psychoses, various organic psychoses, and drug-induced
psychoses. People experiencing psychosis are sometimes, but
not always, a danger to themselves and others. Antipsychotic
medications have both a short-term sedative effect and the
long-term effect of reducing the chances of psychotic episodes.
Most drugs are available in oral dosage forms (tablets, dry
powder, and capsules), while some can be given in parenteral
form (intramuscular and intravenous injections).
1.Typical Antipsychotics, or First Generation Antipsychotic Drugs. The
typical, or conventional, antipsychotics were first developed in the 1950s.
Haldol (haloperidol) and Thorazine (chlorpromazine) are the best known
typical antipsychotics. They continue to be useful in the treatment of severe
psychosis and behavioral problems when newer medications are ineffective.
However, these medications do have a high risk of side effects, some of
which are quite severe. In response to the serious side effects of many
typical antipsychotics, drug manufacturers developed another category
referred to as atypical antipsychotics.

Commonly prescribed typical antipsychotics include:

• Haldol (haloperidol) ▪ Loxitane (loxapine)

• Mellaril (thioridazine) ▪ Moban (molindone)
• Navane (thiothixene) ▪ Prolixin (fluphenazine)
• Serentil (mesoridazine) ▪ Stelazine (trifluoperazine)
• Trilafon (perphenazine) ▪ Thorazine (chlorpromazine)
2.Atypical Antipsychotics, or Second Generation Antipsychotic Drugs. These
new medications were approved for use in the 1990s. Clozapine, asenapine,
olanzapine, quetiapine, paliperidone, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone,
zotepine, and aripiprazole are atypical antipsychotic drugs. With the discovery
of clozapine in 1959, it became evident that this drug was less likely to produce
extrapyramidal effects (physical symptoms such as tremors, paranoia, anxiety,
dystonia, etc. as a result of improper doses or adverse reactions to this class of
drug) in humans at clinically effective doses than some other types of
antipsychotics. This category of drugs has also been of great value in studying
the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychoses.

Commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics include:

• Abilify (aripiprazole) ▪ Clozaril (clozapine)

• Geodon (ziprasidone) ▪ Risperdal (risperidone)
• Seroquel (quetiapine) ▪ Zyprexa (olanzapine)
Extrapyramidal Effects: Dystonias, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, Parkinson’s-like
symptoms, unwanted movements, ataxia, muscle breakdown, rigidity, tremors,
and seizures are some major effects of this category of drugs. Neuroleptic
malignant syndrome may occur as well.

Effects on the Central Nervous System: Drowsiness, sedation, and hypnosis occur.
Confusion, vertigo, syncope, disturbed sleep, nightmares, and agitation are also
reported by various studies. Dementia, amnesia, and loss of memory are some
adverse effects. Suicidal ideation in old and young with increased mania, anxiety,
agitation, violent behavior, and depression can also be seen in people taking
these drugs.

Effects on the Cardiovascular System: Cardiomyopathy is noted in nine out of

every 100,000 people using clozapine. Alteration in electrocardiogram (ECG)
readings, chest pain, angina, myocarditis, palpitation, tachycardia, edema,
phlebitis, and arrhythmias are serious adverse effects. Myocardial infarction
(heart attack) occurs in only 1% of people using this category of drug. Orthostatic
hypotension—the medical name for the fuzzy feeling you get when standing up to
quickly—is very common.
Hepatic (Liver) Effects: These agents increase the serum concentration of alkaline
aminotransferase. Reversible liver cell hyperplasia, increase in bilirubin, jaundice, drug
induced hepatitis, and necrosis have been recorded in studies.

Gastrointestinal Effects: Constipation, dry mouth, anorexia, weight gain, increases in

pancreatic enzymes, epigastric distress, abdominal cramps, dyspepsia, heartburn, and
nausea are some common adverse effects.

Genitourinary (Urinary and Reproductive) Effects: Impotence, delayed and premature

ejaculation, testicular swelling, priapism, increased or decreased libido, virginal
itching, enuresis, polyuria, breast engorgement, galactorrhea, and anorgasmia have
been reported.

Other Effects: Cases of blurred vision, hot flashes, dry throat, nasal congestion, severe
hyperglycemia, numbness, chills, glaucoma, leukopenia, neutropenia, hyperlipidemia,
agranulocytosis, and respiratory depression have been reported.

Pregnancy and Lactation: Antipsychotic drugs can be used in pregnant females since
they have shown no teratogenic (development of the fetus or embryo) effects in
animal studies. Drugs like clozapine and olanzapine have shown no harm to the fetus.
However, during lactation, the metabolites may be disturbed in the milk and could
harm the newborn.