By : Matthew Edzel D.

Clet
Evaporation – is the process by which water is
transformed from the liquid phase to the vapor phase.

Transpiration - is the process by which water moves

through plants and evaporates through leaf stomata.
 Actual ET: is the evapotranspiration that occurs under actual soil, ground-
cover, and water-availability conditions.

 Potential ET: which is defined as the quantity of water evaporated per unit area,
per unit time, from an idealized, extensive free water surface under existing
atmospheric conditions.

 Reference-Crop ET: is the rate of evapotranspiration from an area planted

with a specific (reference) crop, where water availability is not a limiting factor. Grass
and alfalfa are by far the most commonly used reference crops in hydrologic practice.
Grass is characteristic of short vegetation that is 8–15 cm (3–6 in.) in height, and alfalfa
is characteristic of tall vegetation that is greater than 50 cm (20 in.) in height.

1 ∆( Rn− G) +𝜌𝑎 𝑐𝑝 𝑟
𝐸𝑇 =
𝜌𝑤λ ∆+γ 1+
𝝆𝒘=density of water [kg/m3]
λ =latent heat of vaporization [MJ/kg]
∆ =Vapor-Pressure Gradient [kPa/◦C]
Rn= Net Radiation [MJ/(m2·d)]
G=Soil Heat Flux [MJ/(m2·d)]
𝝆𝑎=Air Density [kg/m3]
𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒 𝑎
𝑟𝑠
𝑎
𝑟𝑎
𝒄𝒑= specific heat of moist air
𝒄𝒑 = [1.013 kJ/(kg◦C)]
𝒆𝒔 = Saturation Vapor Pressure [kPa]
𝒆𝒂 = Actual Vapor Pressure [kPa]
γ = Psychrometric Constant [kPa/◦C]
𝒓𝒔= Surface Resistance [s/m]
𝒓𝒂= Aerodynamic Resistance [s/m]
 𝑍𝑚 − 𝑑 𝑍ℎ − 𝑑 Z m = height of wind measurements [m]
ln ln
𝑍 0𝑚 𝑍 0ℎ
𝑟a = Z 0m=roughness length governing
𝑘2𝑢𝑧 momentum transfer [m]
Z h =height of air temperature and
𝑑 = 23ℎ humidity measurements [m]
𝑍 0𝑚 = 0.123 ℎ Z 0h = roughness length governing heat
and vapor transfers [m]
𝑍 0ℎ = 𝑎𝑍 0𝑚
k= 0.41 [dimensionless]
𝒂=1 ; Partially Covering Crops
u z = wind speed measured at zm [m/s]
𝒂=0.1 ; Fully Covering Crops
d= zero-plane displacement height [m]
h= height of crop [m]
 17.27(𝑇)
𝑒𝑠 = 0.6108 𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑇 + 237.3

For hourly interval:

17.27(𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥) 17.27(𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑒𝑠 = 0. 3054 𝑒𝑥𝑝 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 237.3 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 237.3
 𝑅𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒆𝒂 = 100 100
2

When using equipment where errors in estimating RHmin can be large, or when RH data integrity is in
doubt, it is recommended to use only Rhmax, and use this equation below.

𝑅𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝒆𝒂 = 𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
100
In the absence of RHmax and RHmin, the following equation below can be used.

𝑅𝐻𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 17.27(𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥) 17.27(𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛)

𝒆𝒂 = 0. 3054 𝑒𝑥𝑝 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝
100 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 237.3 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 237.3
 4098(𝑒𝑠)
∆=
𝑇 + 237.3 𝟐

or

17.27(𝑇)
4098 0.6108 𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑇 + 237.3
∆=
𝑇 + 237.3 𝟐
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 + 𝐿𝑛
Shortwave Radiation:
𝑆𝑛 = (1 − 𝛼)𝑅s
Total incoming solar radiation:
𝑛
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏𝑠 𝑆0
𝑁
Extraterrestrial radiation:
1440
𝑆0 = Gscdr(ωs sin Ø sin δ + cos Ø cos δ sin ωs)
π
 𝑛 1440
𝑆𝑛 = 1 − α 𝑎s + bs Gscdr(ωs sin Ø sin δ + cos Ø cos δ sin ωs)
𝑁 π
α = albedos [dimensionless] dr=inverse relative distance between the earth and the
sun (dimensionless)
𝑎s=0.25[dimensionless]
ωs=sunset-hour angle in radians
bs=0.50[dimensionless]
𝑛 Ø=latitude in radians
= sunshine fraction or average amount of sunshine
𝑁 δ= solar declination in radians
𝑛=Sunshine duration
𝑁=number of daylight hours
Gsc=solar constant [=0.0820 MJ/(m2·min)]
 𝑛 1440
𝑆𝑛 = 1 − α 𝑎s + bs Gscdr(ωs sin Ø sin δ + cos Ø cos δ sin ωs)
𝑁 π
24
𝑁= ω
π s

2π
dr=1 + 0.033 cos 𝐽
365

2π
δ=0.4093 sin 𝐽 − 1.405
365

ωs=cos−1 −𝑡𝑎𝑛Ø 𝑡𝑎𝑛δ

𝐽 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 1 1 𝐽𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 365 𝑜𝑟 366 (31 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
 Albedos, 𝛼
Land Cover Minimum Maximum
Open water 0.08 0.08
Tall forest 0.11 0.16
Tall farm crops 0.15 0.20
Cereal crops 0.20 0.26
Short farm crops 0.20 0.26
Grass and pasture 0.20 0.26
Bare Soil 0.10 0.35
 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥4, 𝐾 + 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛4, 𝐾
𝐿𝑛 = −𝜎 ϵ′ 𝑓
2

𝜎=𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛– 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 [= 4.903 x 10−9 MJ/m2 · K4 · d]

ϵ′ = 0.34 − 0.14 𝑒𝑎

𝑅𝑠
𝑓 = 1.35 − 0.35
𝑅𝑠0
In cases 𝑅𝑠 is not given:

𝑛
𝑓 = 0.22
𝑁
Clear-sky solar radiation:
−5
𝑅𝑠0 = (0.75 + 2 x 10 𝑧)𝑆0 z= elevation
 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥4, 𝐾 + 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛4, 𝐾 𝑅𝑠
𝐿𝑛 = −𝜎 0.34 − 0.14 𝑒𝑎 1.35 − 0.35
2 𝑅𝑠0
 0.1𝑅𝑛 ; (𝑑𝑎𝑦)
For short reference crop (grass): Ghour=
0.5𝑅𝑛 ; (𝑛𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
0.04𝑅𝑛 ; (𝑑𝑎𝑦)
For tall reference crop (alfalfa): Ghour=
0.2𝑅𝑛 ; (𝑛𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
For daily time intervals beneath a grass reference surface, it can be assumed that:
Gday=0
For monthly time intervals:
Gmonth = 0.07(Ti + 1 − Ti−1)
where Ti−1 and Ti+1 are the mean temperatures in the previous and following months

If Ti+ 1 is unknown: Gmonth = 0.14(Ti − Ti−1)

where Ti is the mean temperature in the current month
 λ=2.501 − 0.002361Ts
Ts=water-surface temperature [ ◦C]
Since λ varies only slightly over normal temperature
ranges, a constant value of 2.45 MJ/kg
corresponding to a temperature of 20◦C is commonly
assumed.
 𝐶𝑝𝑃 𝑃
γ= ′ = 0.0016286
𝜖λ λ

5.26
293 − 0.0065𝑧
𝑃 = 101.3
293

Z= Elevation
If z is not given, Assume the atmospheric pressure of 101.32 kPa, and a latent heat of vaporization of 2.444
MJ/kg, which the psychrometric constant, γ , equal to 0.06752 kPa/◦C.
 𝑃
𝜌𝑎 = 3.45
𝑇 + 273
 A constructed cattail (Typha latifolia) marsh is located in South Florida at 23◦ 38’ N
and 80֯ 25’ W, and measurements during the month of February indicate the
following conditions: Maximum temperature = 26.0◦C, minimum temperature =
16.9 ֯ C, mean temperature = 21.3◦C, maximum humidity = 98.2%, minimum
humidity = 63.2%, and average wind speed at 10 m height = 3.96 m/s. The
temperature and humidity measurements were collected at 4 m above the ground
surface, typical cattail height in the marsh is 0.6 m, the cattails only partially cover
the wetland, the surface resistance of cattails has been shown to be approximately
90 s/m, the average amount of sunshine at this location is typically 69% of the
possible amount, and the mean temperatures in previous and following months
(January and March) are 18.7◦C and 21.3◦C, respectively. Assuming an albedo of
0.20, use these data to estimate the evapotranspiration of cattails during the month
of February. Subsequent direct measurements reported by Abtew (1996) indicate
an average vapor-pressure deficit of 0.67 kPa, average incoming solar radiation of
12.95 MJ/(m2·d), and average net radiation of 8.83 MJ/(m2·d) for February. How
would these measurements affect your predictions?
Ø TMAX TMIN RHMAX RHMIN

ZM U10 ZH h rs
SUNSHINE FRACTION (n/N) Ti−1 Ti+1 α
𝑍𝑚 − 𝑑 𝑍ℎ − 𝑑
ln ln
𝑍 0𝑚 𝑍 0ℎ
𝑟a =
𝑘 2𝑢 𝑧

𝑑 = 23 ℎ = 2
3
0.6 = 0.4𝑚

𝑍 0𝑚 = 0.123ℎ = 0.123 0.6 = 0.0738 𝑚

𝒂 = 𝟏 ; 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒑

𝑍 0ℎ = 𝑎𝑍 0𝑚 = 1 0.0738 = 0.0738𝑚

10 − 0.4 4 − 0.4
ln 0.0738 ln 0.0738 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟒 𝐬\𝐦 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟗 𝐗 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒 𝐝/𝐦
𝑟a =
0.41 2 3.96
Ø TMAX TMIN RHMAX RHMIN

ZM U10 ZH h rs
SUNSHINE FRACTION (n/N) Ti−1 Ti+1 α
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 26 + 16.9
𝑇= = = 21.5℃
2 2
17.27(𝑇) 17.27(21.5)
𝑒𝑠 = 0.6108 𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 0.6108 𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝑇 + 237.3 21.5 + 237.3

4098(𝑒𝑠) 4098
∆= = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝒌𝑷𝒂/℃
𝑇 + 237.3 𝟐 21.5 + 237.3 𝟐

17.27(𝑇)
𝑒𝑠 = 0.6108 𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑇 + 237.3
Ø TMAX TMIN RHMAX
RHMIN ZM U10 ZH h rs
SUNSHINE FRACTION (n/N) Ti−1 Ti+1 α

Soln’:
𝑍𝑚 − 𝑑 𝑍ℎ − 𝑑
ln
𝑟𝑎 = 𝑍 0𝑚 ln 𝑍 0ℎ
𝑘 2𝑢 𝑧
For Potential ET: Standard For Open Water:
𝑍𝑚 Z 0=1.37 [mm]
4.72 𝑙𝑛
𝑍0
𝑟𝑎 = Z m=2 [m]
1 + 0.536𝑢2

4.87
𝑢 2= u
𝑙𝑛 (67.8𝑧 − 5.42) z
Type equation here.
For Reference Crop ET:
208
𝑟𝑎 = ; Grass (0.12m)
𝑢2