Agriculture

Education
Health
Infrastracture
Labor and Employment
Environment
Education and
Reproduction
of Inequality
 Education and Perpetuation of
Inequalities
 Education refers to the formal and
informal process of transmitting the
knowledge, beliefs, and skills from one
generation to the next. However, it is not a
simple process of transmission. It also
includes equipping the minds of the
younger generation with the necessary
critical skills to challenge and change the
existing knowledge system and practices.
 Education and Perpetuation of
Inequalities
Educational institutions are
important in reproducing the
existing beliefs system and practices
of a particular society. It
accomplishes this goal by alloting to
the individual learners the role they
need to fulfill as adult members of
society.
 Horace Mann
(American educational reformer)
Proposed that education could
cure social ills. He believed that
education is the great equalizer
by giving people the knowledge
and technical skills to participate
in national development.
Education is one of the most
pervasive institutions that
determine one’s future status.
Hence, many people believe in
education-based Meritocracy or
belief that education is the great
equalizer and key to succeed in life.
 Randall Collins

 Credentialism
Refers to the common practice of relying on
earned credentials when hiring staff or
assigning social status rather than on actual
skills. Collins further argues that people should
be hired by employers not on the basis of
educational qualifications, although, this is also
a necessary, but on the actual skills of the
applicants.
 Samuel Bowls and Herbert Gintis
(American Economist)

Argued that education is a tool for

capitalism to equip the workers with
the necessary skills so they can be
hired and exploited by the
employers. The schools can teach
their students the values necessary
to be successful workers.
 ELABORATED
LINGUISTIC CODE
AND
RESTRICTED
LINGUISTIC CODE
 Basil Bernstein

Conclusion that the lower class

students follow the restricted
linguistic code, while the middle
class students follow the
elaborated linguistic code.
Example:

 Teacher 1: why do you think people watch

horror movies?
Student: Thrill!

 Teacher 1: why do you think people watch

horror movies?
Student: Because by watching it, people get
the feeling of being horrified and afraid.
Linguistic Code
 The elaborated  the restricted code was
code was said to be
used in relatively
formal, educated
situations, permitting
people to be
reasonably creative in
their expression and to
use a range of
linguistic alternatives.
thought to be used in
relatively informal
situations, stressing
the speaker's
membership of a
group, relying on
context for its
meaningfulness, and
lacking stylistic range
 Bernstein argued that the children from the
lower class are at the disadvantage in the
school setting because the schools operate
on the elaborated code.
 Of course, both groups can use restricted
code at some point, but the middle class
children have a powerful advantage of using
eleborated code in schools with ease.
EDUCATION AND
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Education and Economic Development

 Education provides basic knowledge and

skills that enhance the productivity of labor.
 Education contributes to new innovations
that lead to inventions, discoveries, and
continously upgrading of technologes.
 Education is an effective instrument to
spread and disseminate knowledge among
different sectors of society.
Economist agree that investment in
education can increase economic
growth. Educational reforms can
provide new knowledge and re-
tooling of existing skills of the
people to expand labor productivity.
 An educated
citizenry is the
bedrock for
modernization.
The greater the provision of
schooling, the greater the stock
of human capital in society and
the greater the increases in
national policy in national
productivity and economic
growth.
 Public Expenditure on Education as a Percentage
of Total Government Expenditure, Selected Years, 2007-2010
25
20
15
10
Percentage
5
0
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Au aru Cam Ind
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Women and Education
Education is a right. The United Nations Universal
Declaration Human Rights Article states:
 Everyone has the right to education.
Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education shall be compulsary.
Technical and professional education shall be
made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all on
the basis of merit.
 Everyone has an opportunity to be educated.
Yet women have always been at a disadvantage
when it comes to accessing educational
opportunities. It includes, gender stereotypes in
the school, gender-insensitive pedagogy, sexual
harrassment, limited opportunities in
promotion, underrepresentation of women in
senior academic and administrative positions or
in high status disciplines and prestigious
institutions.
 In the Philippines, according to CHED,
Director Patricia Licuanan, “Women
dominate the fields of teacher
education, humanities, social sciences,
business admininstration, medical and
allied fields, home economics, mass
communication and even in natural
sciences and mathematics.
 Sec .13. Equal acess and Elimination of
Discrimination in Education Scholarships and
Training.

(a) The state shall ensure that gender stereotypes

and images in educational materials and curricula
are adequately and appropriately revised. Gender-
sensitive language shall be used at all times.
Capacity-building on gender and development
(GAD), peace and human rights, education for
teachers, and all those involved in the education
sector shall be pursued towrds this end.
Partnerships between and among players of the
education sector, including the private sector,
churches, and faith groups shall be encouraged.
 Functional Literary Rate

Male
Female

1989 1994 2003 2008

Based on official statistics, Filipino
women outperform men in
functional literacy. This has often
been attributed to women’s greater
diligence in the primary and
secondary years, and the tendency
of boys to get into troubles and quit
schooling.
 Labor and Employment
90
80
70
60
50
Men
40 Women
30
20
10
0
Cory FVR Erap GMA Pnoy
 However, in recent years, women have
become more empowered through
political and economic participation.
 There are also more female workers who
have been deployed abroad to work for
the welfare of their families or what is
known as the Feminization of labor
migration.
 Women are not only at a disadvantage
through work employment, but being
unemployed also impacts on women’s
fertility.
 Research findings on women’s fertility
and education show that the education
of women has a stronger negative effect
on fertility than does the education of
men.
It is not only the gender,
however, that places women in a
low status position, but also the
economic status of women that
affects their motivations to
achieve in school.
 Top 10 Universities in the World Based on
the QS World University Rankings
Country Position in 2014- 2015 Position in 2013-2014

Massachusetts Institute of US 1 1
Technology (MIT)

University of Cambridge UK 2= 3
Imperial College London UK 2= 5
Harvard University US 4 2
University College London UK 5= 4
University of Oxford UK 5= 6
Stanford University US 7 7
California Institute of Technology US 8 10

Princeton University US 9 10
Yale University US 10 8
Top 10 Universities in the Philippines
(2018)
University of the Philippines-Diliman
De La Salle University Manila
University of the Philippines Manila
University of the Philippines System
Ateneo de Manila University
University of the Philippines Los Baños
University of Santo Tomas
University of San Carlos
Silliman University
Asian Institute of Management
 SUMMARY
Education is a pervasive institution that shapes the
minds of the young generation. Education is a very
powerful tool for allowing society to survive and
persist through generations, while also contributing
to the reproduction of existing inequalities. Despite
this, education has a very strong impact on national
development. By providing human and social capital,
education significantly contributes in economic
development. Today, with the advent of globalization
, education is being streamlined to international
standards, and many scholars are debating on the
nature of this internalization of education.
 Pretend that you are an education advocacy
leader who has been invited in a
congressional hearing that will discuss the
importance of education. Prepare a speech
composed of 100 words highlighting why
primary education is a human right and why
it should be accessible to everyone. Make
sure your speech has compelling arguments
and verified data.
What is the essential
learning that schools
impart to students?
What does an educated
person look like today?