https://fluidpowerjournal.

com/hold-right-methods-stopping-l
inear-pneumatic-actuators-movement-mid-stroke/
 Hydraul
ics
• Hydraulics is the science of forces and movements transmitted by means of
incompressible liquids to do mechanical work. (1000 to 5000 psi or > 10, 0000 for
special applications)
• Hydraulic systems are used where large and precise forces are required.
• Truck
• Mining
• Road construction
• Agriculture
• Automotive/car(steering, brake)
• Aerospace/aircraft (flaps, landing gear, wing position
• Elevator
• Crane
• Jack hammer
Excav
ator

Fork Lift
• Pascal’s Law
• Pressure applied to a confined fluid at any
point is transmitted undiminished and
equally throughout the fluid in all
directions and acts upon every part of the
confining vessel at right angles to its
interior surfaces.
 Force Multiplication

Small forces from the pressure piston can produce larger forces by enlarging the working
piston surface.

This is the fundamental principle which is applied in every hydraulic system from the jack to the lifting
platform.
 Hydraulic Pump
• A hydraulic pump is a device that converts the mechanical energy from the
motor (rotary motion) into a hydraulic energy.
• The output shaft from the electric motor is coupled to the shaft of the
hydraulic pump.
The pump first creates a partial vacuum that creates a pressure difference
between its inlet and outlet.
• This pressure difference helps the pump to draw hydraulic fluid from the
tank.
It then pushes the hydraulic fluid through the tubes/pipes to the hydraulic
cylinder parts or hydraulic motor.
Types of Hydraulic Pumps
• Gear pumps
• Piston pumps
• Vane pumps
External Gear Pump
 Working of External Gear Pump

• It consist of a pump housing in which a pair of precisely machined meshing gears

runs with minimal radial and axial clearance.
• One of the gears, called a driver, is driven by a prime mover (electric motor). The
driver drives another gear called a follower.
• As the teeth of the two gears separate, the fluid from the pump inlet gets trapped
between the rotating gear cavities and pump housing.
• The trapped fluid is then carried around the periphery of the pump casing and
delivered to outlet port.
• The teeth of precisely meshed gears provide almost a perfect seal between the
pump inlet and the pump outlet. When the outlet flow is resisted, pressure in the
pump outlet chamber builds up rapidly and forces the gear diagonally outward
against the pump inlet.
• When the system pressure increases, imbalance occurs. This imbalance increases
mechanical friction and the bearing load of the two gears. Hence, the gear pumps
are operated to the maximum pressure rating stated by the manufacturer.