Special-Purpose Electric Machines

(BLDC & PMS Motors)

By
Animesh Mukherjee
M.Tech. (CMC&PEA, 18M256)

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 Contents

 Introduction

 Types of Special-Purpose Motors

 Origin of Special Purpose Motors

 Operation of BLDC motors

 Operation of PMS motors

 Comparison between PMS motors and BLDC motors

 References

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 Introduction
 Although all electric machines have the same basic principle of
operation, special-purpose machines have some features that distinguish
them from conventional machines.

 It is not the intention to discuss all kinds of special-purpose machines;

rather, an attempt is made to introduce the basic operating principles of
some special-purpose machines that are being used extensively in home
and industrial applications.

 Mainly, in this seminar, BLDC and PMS motors are compared.

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 Types of Special-Purpose Motors

With the proliferation of power electronic circuits and digital control

systems, precise speed and position control can be achieved in
conjunction with special-purpose electric machines such as:

 Stepper motors,

 Switched-reluctance motors,

 Hysteresis motors,

 Linear motors,

 Brushless direct-current motors (BLDC) and

 Permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSM)

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 Origin of Special-Purpose Motors

 The first DC motor was invented in the 1830s.

 But, right from the beginning, it was facing problems like high capital and
running maintenance cost (due to the commutator) and sparking problem (due to
the brushes) which eventually compelled the researchers to step-up for other
alternatives.

 In 1880s, the first AC machine came into existence.

 It got worldwide popularity due to simple structure, reliable work, and low
price. But AC motor also faced some problems like difficult to self-start, low
power factor, and challenge to regulate the speed over the wide range.

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 Origin of Special-Purpose Motors

 In brushed dc motors, the brushes wear out over time and may cause sparking.

 The commutator is a very expensive part in a brushed dc machine which needs

proper maintenance.

 So, for better reliability and long life, BLDC and PMS motors were invented.

 They were brushless so we got rid of the wearing out problem and also in place of
commutator, inverter circuits are used.

 So these motors are more efficient, less noisy, lighter than brushed motor with same
power.
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The Donkey and a Carrot Analogy

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 Operation of BLDC motors

Force interaction between the permanent-magnet(rotor) and

electromagnet(stator).
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 Operation of BLDC motors

 If for an instance only one coil is energized, the other two dead coils greatly
reduce the power output of the motor.

 So, to overcome this problem, we energize the previous coil in a way that it
pushes the rotor further.

 For this, same polarity current is passed through the second coil

 The combined force also makes sure that the motor has a beautiful constant
torque nature.

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 Operation of BLDC motors

But how do we know,

 Which coil is to be energized?

 When to energize?

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 Operation of BLDC motors

The switching operation is determined by the rotor position to provide the

synchronism between the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and the magnetic
field produced by the phase windings.

The rotor position can be detected by using either Hall-effect or photoelectric

devices.

The signal generated by the rotor position sensor is sent to a logic circuit to make
the decision for the switching, and then an appropriate signal triggers the power
circuit to excite the respective phase winding.

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Operation of BLDC motors

Basic block diagram of BLDC control

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 Operation of PMS motor

The rotor exhibits a smooth rotating magnetic field where the magnetic
gradient of the stator flux is illustrated by the colour shading. There is
no commutation to cause motor jerking. But, how do we create such a
smooth rotating magnetic field?

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Operation of PMS motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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The comparison between PMSM & BLDC Motor

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 References

 Tom McInally, The Sixth Scottish University. The Scots Colleges Abroad: 1575 to
1799 (Brill, Leiden, 2012) p. 115

 OLEG D. JEFIMENKO, Electrostatic Motors, Their History, Types, and Principles

of Operation, Electret Scientific Company - 1973, page 22-45

Veysinejad, A., Rahmati, S., & Bina, M. T. (2019, April). Predictive Direct Torque
Control with Reduced Number of Predictions for a Three-level Inverter Driven
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. In 2019 27th Iranian Conference on Electrical
Engineering (ICEE) (pp. 813-818). IEEE.

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THANK YOU

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