The Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published

the first version of a systematically
organized periodic table.
- his table was arranged in order of
increasing atomic mass and was the basis
of the currently used periodic table.
- he organized the elements into columns
called groups or families and rows called
periods or series.
Early Attempts in Classifying the Elements
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner, a German
chemist, in 1829 recognized the
similarities in the chemical properties of
some triads of elements, upon which
observation he established his
law of triads. However, the limited
number of element triads could not
support his hypothesis.
Alexander – Emile Beguyer de Chancoutois
- German chemist, in 1862, arranged the
elements in increasing atomic weights.
Lothar Meyer
- published in 1864 a periodic table where
the then known 44 elements were
organized based on the valency of the
elements.
later published in 1870 an improvised
version that related atomic volume and
atomic number.
John A. R. Newlands
- an English chemist, proposed the law of
octaves, which recognized the periodic
properties of every eighth element in his
list.
Mendeleev’s table was widely accepted among
these versions because it accounted for
the discovery of the other elements.
- he predicted the existence and properties
of the then unknown elements, leaving
spaces for them in his periodic table
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Henry Moseley
- in 1913, observed a direct relation
between the x – ray spectrum of an atom
and its nuclear charge, and developed a
system for assigning atomic numbers
based on increasing number of protons.
The basis for the periodic table is the periodic
law, which states that when elements are
arranged in order of increasing atomic number,
their physical and chemical properties show a
periodic pattern.
The Elements of the Periodic Table
The modern periodic table has 118
elements officially recognized by the
International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC).
The A group elements (in longer columns)
are classified as representative elements or main
group elements.
The B group elements (in shorter columns)
are called transition elements.
The Periodic Table of Elements
Group Names of Elements in the Periodic Table
Group Group Name

1A Alkali Metals

2A Alkaline Earth Metals

3A Boron Group

4A Carbon Group

5A Pnictogens or nitrogen group

6A Chalcogens or oxygen Group

7A Halogens

8A Noble Gases
 Group 1A elements (Alkali Metals)
- have only one electron in their valence shell (ns1)
which makes them very reactive because they
can easily lose this electron to form ions with 1+
charge.
- react vigorously with water, producing strongly
basic hydroxides and hydrogen gas, which may
lead to an explosion.
- generally soft and have low densities, melting
points, and boiling points, silver-colored but
tarnish with atmospheric oxygen.
Group 2A elements (Alkaline Earth Metals)
- have two valence electrons (ns2), which they
can lose to form 2+ ions, silver-colored and
soft, with low densities, and melting and
boiling points.
- react with water to form strongly alkaline
hydroxides.
Group 3A (The Boron Group )
- have three valence electrons (ns2np1)
- Lighter elements of this group tend to lose the
three electrons and form 3+ cations, heavier
elements, like thallium, favor losing only one
electron and form 1+ cations because they are
more stable in this form.
Group 4A (The Carbon Group)
- have four valence electrons in their valence
shell (ns2np2), the first element in the group
carbon, has the tendency to form an anion (C4-),
while the heavier ones can either lose 2 or 4
electrons to form 2+ or 4+ ions, respectively.
Group 5A (The Nitrogen Group)
- have five electrons in their valence shell
(ns2np3), the three unpaired electrons in their
p subshell allow them to form stable covalent
bonds with other elements.
Group 6A ( The Chalcogens)
- have six electrons in their valence shell
(ns2np3), requiring only two more to attain a
noble configuration.
Group 7A (The Halogens)
- have seven electrons (ns2np5), in their
valence shell, hence, their tendency to form 1-
ions.
- their compounds are soluble in water, form
acids when bonded to hydrogen
- With only one electron needed to complete
the s and p orbitals, these elements can bind
with each other forming diatomic molecules
- highly reactive
Group 8A (The Noble Gases)
- have completely filled valence shell (ns2np6),
relatively inert; they rarely form compounds
with other elements; can exist as monoatomic
ions.
s, p, d, and f Blocks
Groups 1A and 2A comprise the s -block
since their valence electrons occupy the s
orbital.
Groups 3A to 8A make up the p- block
because their valence electrons occupy the p
block.
The transition metals (Group B elements)
are also referred as d-block metals because their
d orbitals are either partially or fully occupied
with electrons prior to the p orbitals.
Lanthanide and actinide series
- make up the f- block
- they have valence electrons in their f orbitals
prior to an empty d orbital
s, p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Metals
- are generally lustrous substances that conduct
heat and electricity, ductile and malleable
- Almost all metals are solid and have high
melting point except for mercury, gallium, and
cesium, which are liquids at room
temperature.
Metals with Their Corresponding Cation and electron
configuration
Metal Electron Cation Electron Configuration
Configuration

Na 1s22s22p63s1 Na+ 1s22s22p6 [Ne]

Mg 1s22s22p63s2 Mg2+ 1s22s22p6 [Ne]

Zn [Ar] 4s23d10 Zn2+ [Ar] 3d10

Fe [Ar] 4s23d6 Fe3+ [Ar] 3d5

Nonmetals
- not shiny, and have varied colors, poor
conductors of heat and electricity
- usually exist as diatomic molecules or as
molecules with other metals.
- gain electrons and form anions; these anions
usually pair up with metal cations to form
ionic compounds.
 Nonmetals with Their Corresponding anion and
electron configuration
Nonmetal Electron Configuration Anion Electron Configuration

N 1s22s22p3 N3- 1s22s22p6 [Ne]

O 1s22s22p4 O2- 1s22s22p6 [Ne]

Cl 1s22s22p63s23p5 Cl1- 1s22s22p63s23p6[Ar]