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Modelling Energy Use in Buildings: Making It Simpler: Credibility
Modelling Energy Use in Buildings: Making It Simpler: Credibility
Modelling Energy Use in Buildings: Making It Simpler: Credibility
making it simpler
Credibility
Climate Buildings
Building ameliorates climate to suit occupants
within cultural norms
(Source: Professor Fergus Nicol, 2008)
Role of building energy modelling: predicting energy use
1. Baselining: Assessing energy and CO2 emissions from all energy-related
end-uses in buildings, by:
– Building energy modelling (predicting energy use) – examples are
Ecotect, IES, TAS, Energy Plus, ESPr, DOE
– Actual energy measurement (metered energy data)
2. Benchmarking existing performance against best-practice, peers
3. Target setting: establishing ambitious CO2 reduction targets – Relative
(60%, 80%) or Absolute (15kgCO2/m2/year)
4. Evaluation and appraisal of low-energy and low-carbon measures and
technologies to achieve targets. (Building energy modelling)
5. Implementation of actions
6. Monitoring, reporting and verifying the energy and CO2 reductions
achieved as a result: sharing experiences. (Actual energy measurement)
7. Monetisation of savings: future carbon markets & emissions trading for
buildings.
Approaches for assessing energy use in buildings
1. Predictive energy simulation models
- Computer programs which are used to generate an energy performance
prediction from calculations.
- IES, TAS, Energy Plus, ESPr, eQuest
Model forecast
Regulated Energy Use includes: fixed building services, heating, hot water, cooling, ventilation, lighting
Unregulated Energy Use includes: plugload, server rooms, security, external lighting, lifts etc.
Special Functions include: trading floors, server rooms, cafeteria etc.
Sources of Aspects of
Carbon counters Policies
end use demand
Roof, walls,
Heating New buildings:
windows, floors Asset Rating
Building
Boilers, etc Energy
Hot water Regulations
Low flow showers Performance
Solar shading Certificate (EPC)
Cooling
Thermal mass Standard use Existing buildings:
Direct Ventilation Passivent (Calculated) Fiscal incentives C
Lighting Lamp efficacy Operational S
CO2
Rating
emissions Appliances/ Low C design
Display Energy Product energy
from Wash @ 30C M
equipment Certificate (DEC) labelling (A to G)
building Low C IT
Actual use
energy Smart meters Fiscally neutral
(Metered)
demand Imperfect Displays carbon taxes
control Standby losses Energy prices
BMS Reverse tariffs
Knowledge Personal Carbon
Inefficient
Motivation Allowances
behaviour
Incentives CRC
GIS Map-based
domestic carbon-
counting and carbon-
reduction model
Bottom-up toolkit to
measure, model, map
and manage energy
use and CO2
emissions, on a house-
by-house level.
(Source: www.decorum-model.org.uk)
Reporting energy and carbon performance ethically
1. Building energy consumption or energy imported (CO2 produced)
2. On-site renewables (CO2 saved)
So poor
buildings
can’t hide
under low-
carbon
supplies
(avoids
Greenwash,
Eco-bling!)
Towards evidence-based assumptions in energy models
• ‘Real’ utilisation factors (Refer to energy use of comparable existing
building types)
• TOP-DOWN
– Work down from annual fuel consumption
• BOTTOM-UP
– Work up from the components of energy use