Digital / Smart Energy Meter

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1. Driving System – The electromagnet is the main component
of the driving system. It is the temporary magnet which is
excited by the current flow through their coil.

The core of the electromagnet is made up of silicon steel

lamination. The driving system has two electromagnets. The
upper one is called the shunt electromagnet, and the lower one
is called series electromagnet.

The series electromagnet is excited by the load current flow

through the current coil.

The coil of the shunt electromagnet is directly connected with

the supply and hence carry the current proportional to the
shunt voltage. This coil is called the pressure coil.
Series magnet produces the flux which is proportional
to the current flowing and shunt magnet produces the
flux proportional to the voltage.

These two fluxes lag by 90 degrees due to inductive

nature. The interaction of these two fields produces
eddy current in the disk, exerting a deflecting torque,
which is proportional to product of instantaneous
voltage, current and phase angle between them.
2. Moving System – The moving system is the
aluminium disc mounted on the shaft of the alloy. The
disc is placed in the air gap of the two
electromagnets.

The eddy current is induced in the disc because of the

change of the magnetic field.

The interaction of the flux and the disc induces the

deflecting torque which helps in the rotation of the
aluminium disk.
3. Braking system – The permanent magnet is used
for reducing the rotation of the aluminium disc.

The aluminium disc induces the eddy current because

of their rotation. The eddy current cut the magnetic
flux of the permanent magnet and hence produces
the braking torque.

This braking torque opposes the movement of the

disc, thus reduces their speed. The permanent
magnet is adjustable due to which the braking torque
is also adjusted by shifting the magnet to the other
radial position.
Generally in simple terms,

Breaking magnet is a permanent magnet

which applies the force opposite to
normal disc rotation to minimise disc
rotation and bring it to its balanced
position.(stop the disc while power is off).
4. Registration System (Counting Mechanism) –
The main function of the registration or counting
mechanism is to record the number of rotations of
the aluminium disc.

Their rotation is directly proportional to the energy

consumed by the loads in the kilowatt hour.

The rotation of the disc is transmitted to the pointers

of the different dial for recording the different
readings. The reading in kWh is obtained by multiply
the number of rotations of the disc with the meter
constant.
Advantages and Disadvantages

Simple in construction.

Less accuracy due to creeping and other external

fields.

Prone to tampering.

These are very commonly used in domestic and

industrial applications.
 Electronic Energy meters
These are of accurate, high procession and
reliable types of measuring instruments as
compared to conventional mechanical meters.

It consumes less power and starts measuring

instantaneously when connected to load.

These meters might be Analog or digital.

Electronic Energy Meters

1) Analog Electronic Energy Meters

2) Digital Electronic Energy Meters

 Analog Energy Meters

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In Analog type meters, voltage is obtained by
voltage divider circuit and current is obtained by
current transformers respectively.

Analog to digital converter converts these analog

values to digitized samples

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The voltage and current samples are multiplied in a
multiplier and it is given as input to the Frequency
converter .

The frequency converter converts the samples into

a train of pulses corresponding to the input
frequency.

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These frequency pulses then drive a counter
mechanism where these samples are integrated
over a time to produce the electricity consumption.

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 Digital Energy Meters

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Digital signal processor or high performance microprocessors
are used in digital electric meters. Similar to the analog meters,
voltage and current transducers are connected to a high
resolution ADC. Once it converts analog signals to digital
samples, voltage and current samples are multiplied and
integrated by microprocessors to measure the energy
consumed.

It contains real time clock (RTC) for calculating time for

power integration, maximum demand calculations and also
date and time stamps for particular parameters.

Furthermore it interacts with liquid crystal display (LCD),

communication devices and other meter outputs. Battery is
provided for RTC and other significant peripherals for backup
power.
 Smart Energy Meters

Smart Energy Meter

Smart energy meters transmit the recorded energy to the central

receiving station through a proper communication network. This is done
for billing and monitoring purpose. The utility company can send
information about tariff details to the meter.

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It is an advanced metering technology involving placing
intelligent meters to read, process and feedback the data to
customers.

It measures energy consumption, remotely switches the supply

to customers and remotely controls the maximum electricity
consumption.

Smart metering system uses the advanced metering

infrastructure system technology for better performance.
These meters reduce the need to visit while taking or
reading monthly bill.

Another advantage of smart metering is complete

avoidance of tampering of energy meter where there
is scope of using power in an illegal way.
 Smart energy meters have the
Smart energy meters transmit following features
The utility company can send
the recorded energy to the • Energy consumption can be displayed in-
information about tariff details
central receiving station terms of money. So the customer can
to the meter.Therefore a two get the awareness of energy savings.
through a proper
way communication facility is • The EB bill can be send to the customers
communication network.This is
provided with the smart energy through smart energy meter.
done for billing and monitoring • If there are more energy suppliers, the
meter.
purpose. customer may know the cheif tariff and
the corresponding supplier

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 FEATURES
• Highly accurate
• Real time operation
• Fully automated
• Live billing display facility
• Previous Units display facility

ADVANTAGES DIS ADVANTAGES

• HighAccuracy
• Billing system fails if no GSM
• Low Cost Network coverage
• Reliable • Charges may be applicable for
• No need of continuous GSM network use.
Network

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ECONOMICS of LIGHTS
Working Principle of LED
 Working Principle of LED
The semiconductor is the essential components inside LED.

When there is current flow through the circuit, the holes in

P-type semiconductor and the electrons in N-type
semiconductor will combine to together.

This process causes the electrons fall from a relatively high

energy level to lower, which in turn leads to emission of
photons having the same amount of energy of this energy
gap.

In other words, the valence band (the holes) are basically

creating the vacancy having low energy level for electrons
to fall.
  A simple transistor
can be used for
OFF/ON of an LED.

 When the
transistor is driven
into saturation by
base current IB, it
conducts heavily
and the LED emits
light.

Fig: LED controlled by a transistor

 Applications
Indicators and Signs:-
These are mainly used in traffic signals, exit signs, light weight
message, displaying box.

Light Emitting Diode lamps have become highly popular and as

the energy consumption is very low for them.

In 2001, the Italian village Torraca, was the first place to convert
all its lighting to LED.

In television and computer/laptop displaying, LEDs are used.

Advantages:

(1)Size :- Sizes of Light Emitting Diodes are from 3 mm to 8

mm long.

(2)Larger lifetime :- A high power white LEDs life time is

projected to be 35,000 to 50,000 hours. Where as an
incandescent bulbs life time is 750 to 2,000 hours.

(3)Lower temperature: - LED's mechanism does not consists

of any step to produce heat. In conventional lights, the
production of heat are very common fact. They waste most
of their energy as heat. LED’s remain cool.

(4)Energy efficiency :- Light Emitting Diode is today’s most

energy efficient way of lighting its energy efficiency is
nearly 80% to 90% whereas traditional lights have 20%
energy efficiency, 80% is lost, as heat.
(5) Design flexibility :- LEDs can be merged in any shape or
combination. Superb lighting effects of different colors can
be achieved by well designed LED illumination system.

(6) Ecologically friendly:- LED lights do not contain any toxic

chemical. They do not leave any toxic material and 100%
recyclable. Their illuminations are close to no UV emission. The
solid package of it can be designed to focus its light also.

(7) Color:- LEDs can emit light of intended color this is done by
changing the compositions of the solid state materials doping
without using any color filter.

(8) On/off time:- Light Emitting Diodes can be operated very

quickly. They can be used in on/off operation(switching) in
communication devices.
 How’s
ENERGY CALCULATED?
 - Bureau of Energy Efficiency -
Star rating is a “measure of energy efficiency of an appliance, it
is a five points scale”

Higher the rating, lower is the energy consumption

Hence better savings !!
More Stars. More Saving – EE Label
Energy efficiency label was introduced in 2006.

It provides information to consumers about the energy

consumption of an electrical appliance.

It has a minimum of 1 star and a maximum of 5 stars, where

1-star label is the least efficient and 5 stars is the most
efficient.

EE Label is issued by the Energy Commission to manufacturers of

electrical appliances who comply with the standards !!
Energy Efficient Products Approved
by Energy Commission
Electrical appliance approved by Energy
Commission for Energy Star ratings are :

Domestic Refrigerators.
Domestic Fans.
Television.
Air Conditioners
Benefits

Use of 5-Star appliances will reduce

electricity consumption and electricity bills
at home.

Better savings in the long run.

Improved quality of life with more

efficient appliances.
RAC Star Rating Comparison