Water Supply and

Wastewater Management
or Environment Engineering

(Water Consumption)

Engr.Munawar Hussain
Civil Engineering Department
MNS-University of Engineering and Technology Multan
COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY
Major components of water supply,
1. source development (collection systems)
2. raw water transmission
3. raw water storage
4. treatment
5. finished/treated water storage
6. water distribution
Design components of a water supply
scheme
water demand estimations
source development (design of intakes, pumps, tube
wells etc.)
design of transmission mains
design of water treatment plant
design of distribution systems (overhead tanks,
pipes, fire hydrants, valves etc.)
 WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION
Approach:
How much water is going to be
required, with provision for estimated requirements for
the future.
Regional Level
Estimate population growth
Estimate water requirements for design population
Subdivision/community Level
Estimate water requirements for planned development
Water-using Sectors
 Domestic:
Water consumed in houses, hotels, etc. for sanitary,
culinary (cooking), and other purposes.
 Commercial and Industrial:
Water used in industrial and commercial
establishments such as factories, offices, and stores.
 Public Use:
Water furnished to public buildings and used for
public services.
 Loss and Waste (Unaccounted for water):
Attributed to unauthorized connections, errors in
meter reading, leaks in distribution systems.
WATER CONSUMPTION
It is the amount of water consumed by a community in one day
on average.
It is usual to express water consumption in terms of per capita
water consumption (Liters/capita/day).
Variations in Water Consumption
 Water consumption varies during the day, from day to day, and from month
to month like seasonal variation.

 Following rates are important;

 Average daily demand
 Maximum daily demand
 Peak hourly demand
Average Daily Per Capita Demand

= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)

 If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be
sufficient to meet the fluctuations.
Maximum daily demand
= 1.5 x average daily demand (With Storage, OHR)

Maximum hourly demand of maximum day

i.e. Peak demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 2.25 x Average Daily Demand (With no Storage, OHR)
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand
Fire Demand
 Although the actual amount of water used for fire
fighting in a year is small, the rate of use is high.
 The ISO, USA calculates the fire flow from the formula;
F = 18 C (A)0.5
Where,
F = Required flow in gal/min
C = Coefficient related to type of construction

A = total floor area in ft2 excluding basement

 1 gallon = 3.785 litters

C ranges from a maximum of 1.5 for wood frame
to a minimum of 0.6 for fire resistive construction.

The fire flow calculated from the formula is not to

exceed 8000 gpm (30,240 l/min) in general, nor
6000 gpm (22,680 I/min) for one story
construction.
The fire flow must be maintained for a minimum of
4 hours. Most communities will require a duration
of 10 hours.
Design Periods for Water Supply
Components

The economic design period of the components of

water supply system depends on their life, first cost,
economics of scale, ease of extension, technological
advances.
1. Development of source:
Depends upon nature of source:
Design Period;
– For groundwater supplies, 5 – 10 years.
– For surface water supplies, (20 years without
impoundment, 50 years with impoundment)
Design capacity;
– maximum daily demand for impounding reservoir.
– for ground water source (T/W);
Peak hourly demand if no storage
Maximum daily demand with storage (OHR)
2. Transmission Lines:
 25 years or more.
 Design capacity is based on average daily flow at the end of
design period.
 Suitable velocity under all anticipated flow conditions.

3. Water Treatment Plant:

 10 – 15 years
 Design capacity is based on average daily flow at the end of
design period.
 Must consider velocities under all potential flow conditions.
4. Pumping Plant:
 10 years.
 Maximum flow including fire demand, the average flow, and
the minimum flow should be considered.

5. Storage within distribution/OHR:

 The life of such structures is potentially quite long, hence they
are seldom replaced.
 Design requires knowledge of all flow rates including fire
demand.
6. Distribution System:
 Design period is indefinite.
 Flow capacity is based on maximum anticipated development
of the area.
 Anticipated population densities and factors affecting per
capita flow must be considered.
 Design capacity is based on maximum hourly flow including
fire demand.