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05 Geology
05 Geology
05 Geology
APPLIED GEOLOGY
BEDDING
• Bed :
Sedimentation unit
greater than 1cm.
• Lamina:
Sedimentation unit
smaller than 1cm.
• Interbedded:
between two things
STRATIGRAPHY
• Stratigraphic unit
A naturally occuring body of rock or rock
material which is distinguished from
adjoining rock on the basis of some stated
property or properties.
1. Lithostratigraphic unit.
2. Biostratigraphic unit.
3. Chronostratigraphic unit.
4. Geochronologic unit.
Lithostratigraphic Unit
• Compound character:
Geographic +Lithic term+ Rank.
Geographic + Rank.
Geographic + Lithic + Rank.
• Use of Simple lithic terms.
• Misuse of well known name.
Clay Minerals
A term reserved for those constituents of a
clay which give it its plastic properties. They
are hydrous aluminosilicates.
• Generally occur as minute, platy, rarely fibrous
crystals.
• Some contain loosely bonded cations which can
be easily exchanged.
• Ability to loose or take up water.
• Produced by the degradation of other silicates.
• Both two and three layered types are known.
The sheets of clay minerals
Clay minerals (continue)
• Depositional texture
recoginized.
• Original components
bound together
• Boundstone.
Mud supported
Grain supported
Dunham Classification
Depositional Depositional texture recognisable
texture not
recognisable
Original Original components not bound together during
components deposition.
bound
Lacks mud Contain mud (particles<20m)
together
and is grain
during
supported
deposition Grain Mud supported
supported
> 10% < 10%
grains grains
Crystalline Boundstone Grainstone Packstone Wackstone Mud
carbonate stone
Dunham Classification
5. Hardness
Hardness is a reflection of degree of
cementation.
1. Soft or friable
2. Moderately hard; fairly cemented.
3. Hard; moderately cemented.
4. Very hard; well cemented.
6. Porosity
• Porosity could be estimated from hardness and
cementation.
• Archi classification
matrix porosity
I. Compact, dense, hard
II. Chaiky, earthy, soft.
III. Sugary, loose, poorly cemented.
Visible porosity
A. No visible pores w/ 10x
B. Visible w/ 10x
C. Visible w/ eye.
D. Larger than 2 mm
7. Minor constituents
Oil Shows Description
A. In Normal Light
• Percentage
No visible stain
Poor stain
Fair stain
Good stain
40%
Oil Shows Description
A. In Normal Light
• Distribution
Uniform Scattered
Spoty Streaked
• Shade
V. Light Light
Medium Dark
Very dark
• Hue
Green
Yellow
Brown
Black
Oil Shows Description
B. Under UV Light
• Intensity
No florescence
Faint
Dull
bright
Oil Shows Description
B. Under UV light
• Distribution
Uniform Scattered
Spoty Streaked
• Shade
V. Light Light
Medium Dark
Very dark
• Hue
Blue
white
Yellow, Orange
Gold
Brown
C. Cuts & D. Residual ring
• Stream cut: • Allow the solvent to
Immediate evaporate,
Fast
describe the
Slow
• Discoloration
fluorescence of the
Very slow ring as well as the
Slow color of the ring in
Fast the day light.
• Crush cut
Poor
Fair
Good