CARDIOPULMONARY

RESUSCITATION
(CPR)
•Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can
help save a life during a cardiac or
breathing emergency. However, even after
training, remembering the CPR steps and
administering them correctly can be a
challenge. In order to help you help
someone in need, we've created this simple
step-by-step guide that you can print up
and place on your refrigerator, in your car,
in your bag or at your desk
Before Giving CPR

•1
• Check the scene and the person. Make sure the scene is safe, then tap
the person on the shoulder and shout "Are you OK?" to ensure that the
person needs help.
•2
• Call 911 for assistance. If it's evident that the person needs help, call
(or ask a bystander to call) 911, then send someone to get an AED. (If
an AED is unavailable, or a there is no bystander to access it, stay
with the victim, call 911 and begin administering assistance.)
•3
• Open the airway. With the person lying on his or her back, tilt the
head back slightly to lift the chin.
•4
• Check for breathing. Listen carefully, for no more than 10 seconds, for
sounds of breathing. (Occasional gasping sounds do not equate to
breathing.) If there is no breathing begin CPR.
Red Cross CPR Steps

•1
• Push hard, push fast. Place your hands, one on top of the other,
in the middle of the chest. Use your body weight to help you
administer compressions that are at least 2 inches deep and
delivered at a rate of at least 100 compressions per minute
•2
• Deliver rescue breaths. With the person's head tilted back slightly and
the chin lifted, pinch the nose shut and place your mouth over the
person's mouth to make a complete seal. Blow into the person's mouth
to make the chest rise. Deliver two rescue breaths, then continue
compressions.
• Note: If the chest does not rise with the initial rescue breath, re-tilt the
head before delivering the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise with
the second breath, the person may be choking. After each subsequent
set of 100 chest compressions, and before attempting breaths, look for
an object and, if seen, remove it.
•3
• Continue CPR steps. Keep performing cycles of chest compressions
and breathing until the person exhibits signs of life, such as breathing,
an AED becomes available, or EMS or a trained medical responder
arrives on scene.
• Note: End the cycles if the scene becomes unsafe or you cannot
continue performing CPR due to exhaustion.
 Hands-Only CPR
If you see a teen or adult suddenly collapse, hands-
only CPR is the recommended form of
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It not only
increases the likelihood of surviving breathing and
cardiac emergencies that occur outside of medical
settings, but it's simple to learn and easy to
remember. For a refresher any time, you can print up
this page and keep it with the rest of your first-aid
supplies.
Before Giving CPR

•1
• Check the scene and the person. Check to make sure the
scene is safe, tap the person on the shoulder to see if they're OK,
and look for signs of rhythmic, normal breathing.
•2
• Call 911 for assistance. If there's no response from the victim
when asked if he or she is OK, call 911, or ask a bystander to call
for help.
•3
• Begin compressions. If the person is unresponsive, perform
hands-only CPR.
Child & Baby CPR

Although you hope you'll never use cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(CPR) for a child or infant, it's important to know the steps so that you
can help in the event of a cardiac or breathing emergency. And
although you may have taken a class in child CPR, it's a good idea to
keep the steps handy so that the information stays fresh in your
memory. With our printable step-by-step guide, you can access the
child and baby CPR steps anytime, anywhere. Simply print them up and
place them in your car, your desk, your kitchen or with your other first
aid supplies, then read over them from time to time to help maintain
your skills.
•1
• Check the scene and the child. Make sure the scene is safe, then tap
the child on the shoulder and shout "Are you OK?" to ensure that he or
she needs help.
• For infants, flick the bottom of the foot to elicit a response.
•2
• Call 911. If child does not respond, ask a bystander to call 911, then
administer approximately 2 minutes of care.
• - If you're alone with the child or infant, administer 2 minutes of care,
then call 911.
• - If the child or infant does respond, call 911 to report any life-
threatening conditions and obtain consent to give care. Check the child
from head to toe and ask questions to find out what happened.
•3
• Open the airway. With the child lying on his or her back, tilt the head
back slightly and lift the chin.
•4
• Check for breathing. Listen carefully, for no more than 10 seconds,
for sounds of breathing. (Occasional gasps aren't breathing.)
• Infants typically have periodic breathing, so changes in breathing
pattern are normal
•5
• Deliver 2 rescue breaths if the child or infant isn't breathing. With
the head tilted back slightly and the chin lifted, pinch the child's nose
shut, make a complete seal by placing your mouth over the child's
mouth and breathe into the child's mouth twice.
• For infants, use your mouth to make a complete seal over the
infant's mouth and nose, then blow in for one second to make the
chest clearly rise. Now, deliver two rescue breaths.
•6
• Begin CPR. If the child or baby is unresponsive to the rescue
breaths, begin CPR
DEFIBRILLATION AND CARDIOVERSION

• Defibrillation is nonsynchronized random administration of shock

during a cardiac cycle. In 1956, alternating current (AC) defibrillation
was first introduced to treat ventricular fibrillation in humans.Later in
1962, direct current (DC) defibrillation was introduced.
•
• Cardioversion is a synchronized administration of shock during the R
waves or QRS complex of a cardiac cycle.
• During defibrillation and cardioversion, electrical current travels from
the negative to the positive electrode by traversing myocardium. It
causes all of the heart cells to contract simultaneously. This
interrupts and terminates abnormal electrical rhythm. This, in turn,
allows the sinus node to resume normal pacemaker activity
• Indications
• Indications for defibrillation include the following:
 Pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT)
 Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
 Cardiac arrest due to or resulting in VF
• Indications for electrical cardioversion include the following:
 Supraventricular tachycardia (atrioventricular nodal reentrant
tachycardia [AVNRT] and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia [AVRT])
 Atrial fibrillation
 Atrial flutter (types I and II)
 Ventricular tachycardia with pulse
 Any patient with reentrant tachycardia with narrow or wide QRS
complex (ventricular rate >150 bpm) who is unstable (eg, ischemic
chest pain, acutepulmonary edema, hypotension, acute altered mental
status, signs of shock)
Contraindications

Contraindications include the following:

Dysrhythmias due to enhanced automaticity, such as in digitalis
toxicity and catecholamine-induced arrhythmia
Multifocal atrial tachycardia
Anesthesia

• Defibrillation is an emergent maneuver and, when necessary,

should be promptly performed in conjunction with or prior to
administration of induction or sedative agents.
• Cardioversion is almost always performed under induction or
sedation (short-acting agent such as midazolam). The only
exceptions are if the patient is hemodynamically unstable or if
cardiovascular collapse is imminent.
Equipment

 Defibrillators (automated external defibrillators [AEDs],

semiautomated AEDs, standard defibrillators with monitors)
 Conductive gel or paste
 ECG monitor with recorder
 Oxygen equipment
 Intubation kit
 Emergency pacing equipment
 Blood pressure cuff (automatic or manual)
 Pulse recorder
 Oxygen saturation monitor
Positioning

Paddle placement on the chest wall has 2 conventional positions:

anterolateral and anteroposterior.
• In the anterolateral position, a single paddle is placed on the left
fourth or fifth intercostal space on the midaxillary line. The second
paddle is placed just to the right of the sternal edge on the second or
third intercostal space.
• In the anteroposterior position, a single paddle is placed to the right
of the sternum, as above, and the other paddle is placed between the
tip of the left scapula and the spine. An anteroposterior electrode
position is more effective than the anterolateral position for external
cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. [3, 4, 5] The anteroposterior
approach is also preferred in patients with implantable devices, to
avoid shunting current to the implantable device and damaging its
system.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

What is it?
An electrocardiogram — abbreviated as EKG or ECG — is a test that
measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat. With each beat, an
electrical impulse (or “wave”) travels through the heart. This wave
causes the muscle to squeeze and pump blood from the heart. A
normal heartbeat on ECG will show the timing of the top and lower
chambers
• The right and left atria or upper chambers make the first wave called
a “P wave" — following a flat line when the electrical impulse goes to
the bottom chambers. The right and left bottom chambers or ventricles
make the next wave called a “QRS complex." The final wave or “T
wave” represents electrical recovery or return to a resting state for the
ventricles.
Why is it done?

An ECG gives two major kinds of information. First, by measuring

time intervals on the ECG, a doctor can determine how long the
electrical wave takes to pass through the heart. Finding out how
long a wave takes to travel from one part of the heart to the next
shows if the electrical activity is normal or slow, fast or irregular.
Second, by measuring the amount of electrical activity passing
through the heart muscle, a cardiologist may be able to find out if
parts of the heart are too large or are overworked.
Does it hurt?
• No. There’s no pain or risk associated with having an
electrocardiogram. When the ECG stickers are removed, there
may be some minor discomfort.
Is it harmful?
• No. The machine only records the ECG. It doesn’t send
electricity into the body.
Project done by :
MUZAFAR DENIZ
OLARU DIANA