INTRODUCTION TO

NUMBER SYSTEM
JOSEPH FULLER MORCO

http://www.learnabout-electronics.org/Digital/dig10.php
OBJECTIVES:

 Explain how binary and some other number systems

used in electronics work.
 How computers and calculators use different forms of
binary to carry out calculations.
WHY SO MANY NUMBER SYSTEM?

 Babylonian Number System (Sexagesimal System) -

Based on the number 60.
 Britain Farmers (Celtic Counting System) - Based on 20.
 Romans used (Duodecimal System) – Based on the
number 12.
WHY SO MANY NUMBER SYSTEM?

 The Mayas used (Vigesimal System) – Based on the

number 20.
 Used by some Tribes (Binary System) – Based on the
number 2.
 Used by some Tribes (Octal System) – Based on the
number 8.
NUMBER SYSTEM? https://www.includehelp.com/computer-number-
systems.aspx

 The technique to represent numbers in the computer

architecture.
 Every value that your are saving or getting into/from
computer memory has a defined number system.
NUMBER SYSTEMS IN ELECTRONICS
(COMPUTER NUMBER SYSTEMS)

 Binary Number System

 Octal Number System
 Decimal Number System
 Hexadecimal Number System
BINARY SYSTEM

 A binary system has only two digits that are 0(zero) and
1(one).
 Every number (value) represents with 0 and 1.
 The base of binary number system is 2, because it has
only two digits.
02
12
12
BINARY SYSTEM

 A binary is used to describe a place-value number

system, or a number belonging to it, that uses 2 rather
than the more common decimal system that uses 10 as
its base.
 Each digit in a binary number represents a power of 2
and so can only hold a 0(zero) or a 1(one).

3
8(2 ) 2
4(2 ) 2
2(1 )
DECIMAL (BASE 10) BINARY (BASE 2)

1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 Octal number system has only eight(8) digits from

0(zero) to 7(seven).
 Every number (value) represents with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
and 7.
 The base of octal number system is 8, because it has
78
only 8 digits.
68
58
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 Decimal number system has only ten(10) digits from

0(zero) to 9(nine).
 Every number (value) represents with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8 and 9.
 The base of decimal number systems is 10, because it
has only 10 digits.
910
710 510
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 Hexadecimal number system has sixteen(16)

alphanumeric values for 0(zero) to 9(nine) and A to F.
 Every number (value) represents with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F.
 The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because
it has 16 alphanumeric values.
5516
A316 FF16
BINARY ARITHMETIC

 In binary number system there are only 2 digits 0 and 1,

any number can be represented by these two digits.
 The arithmetic of binary numbers means the operation
of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
BINARY ADDITION

 Five steps in binary addition

0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 (carry 1 to the next significant bit)(10)
1 + 1 + 1 = 1 (with a carry of 1)(11)
BINARY ADDITION
ADDITION
BINARY SUBTRACTION

 Four simple steps:

0–0=0
1–1=0
1–0=1
0 – 1 = 1, borrow 1 from the next more significant bit
BINARY SUBTRACTION
SUBTRACTION
BINARY MULTIPLICATION

 Four steps to be followed:

0x0=0
1x0=0
0x0=0
1 x 1 = 1 (there is no carry or borrow for this)
BINARY MULTIPLICATION
MULTIPLICATION
BINARY DIVISION

 Binary division is comprised of other two binary

arithmetic operations, multiplication and subtraction.
 Let us take A = 11010 and B = 101, where we want to
divide A by B.
  Let us take A = 11010 and B = 101,
BINARY DIVISION where we want to divide A by B.
BINARY DIVISION
DIVISION