NONLINEAR SOLUTION: NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

By
DR AZIAH KHAMIS
Each iteration is relatively fast (computational
order is proportional to number of branches +
number of buses in the system).
Relatively easy to program.

2
Tends to converge relatively slowly, although this can
be improved with acceleration.
Has tendency to fail to find solutions, particularly on
large systems.
Tends to diverge on cases with negative branch
reactances (common with compensated lines).
Need to program using complex numbers.
Gauss and Gauss-Seidel mostly replaced by Newton-
Raphson.

3
 NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
Advantages
 less number of iteration to reach
convergence, takes less computation time
More accurate and not sensitive to the
factors likes slack bus selection, regulation
transformer, the number of iteration
required is almost independent of system
size
 NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
Disadvantages
 more calculations involved in each
iteration and require large computation
time per iteration and large computer
memory
Difficult solution technique
(programming is difficult)
 POWER FLOW EQUATIONS
 KCL for current injection

 Real and reactive power injection

 Substituting for Ii yields :

 Separating the real and imaginary parts:

 NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
 Cast power equation into iterative form

 Matrix function formation of the system of equations

 NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
 General formation of the equation to find a solution

 The iterative equation

 The Jacobian - the first derivative of a set of functions

a matrix of all combinatorial pairs

JACOBIAN MATRIX
 JACOBIAN TERMS
 Real power w.r.t. the voltage angle

 Real power w.r.t. the voltage magnitude

 ITERATION PROCESS
 Power mismatch or power residuals
 difference in schedule to calculated power

 New estimates for the voltages

 BUS TYPE AND THE JACOBIAN FORMATION
Slack Bus / Swing Bus
 one generator bus must be selected and defined as the voltage and angular reference
 The voltage and angle are known for this bus
 The angle is arbitrarily selected as zero degrees
 bus is not included in the Jacobian matrix formation
Generator Bus
 have known terminal voltage and real (actual) power injection
 the bus voltage angle and reactive power injection are computed
 bus is included in the real power parts of the Jacobian matrix
Load Bus
 have known real and reactive power injections
 bus is fully included in the Jacobian matrix
 NEWTON-RAPHSON STEPS
1. Set flat start
 For load buses, set voltages equal to the slack bus
or 1.0 ∟0
 For generator buses, set the angles equal the
slack bus or 0
2. Calculate power mismatch
 For load buses, calculate P and Q injections using
the known and estimated system voltages
 For generator buses, calculate P injections
 Obtain the power mismatches, P and Q
3. Form the Jacobian matrix
 Use the various equations for the partial derivatives w.r.t. the
voltage angles and magnitudes
 NEWTON-RAPHSON STEPS
4. Find the matrix solution (choose a or b)
 a. inverse the Jacobian matrix and multiply by the mismatch power
 b. perform gaussian elimination on the Jacobian matrix with the vector
equal to the mismatch power
compute

5. Find new estimates for the voltage magnitude and angle

6. Repeat the process until the mismatch (residuals) are less than
the specified accuracy
 LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES
 After solving for bus voltages and angles, power flows
and losses on the network branches are calculated
 Transmission lines and transformers are network branches
 The direction of positive current flow are defined as follows for a
branch element (demonstrated on a medium length line)
 Power flow is defined for end of the branch
 Example: The power leaving bus i and flowing to bus j
LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES
 EXAMPLE : NEWTON RAPHSON
 Figure below shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generators at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage
magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load
consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in
per unit on a 100 MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the
power flow solution by the Newton Raphson method including line flows and line losses.
SOLUTION
 SOLUTION
 The expression for real power at bus 2 and 3 and the reactive power at bus 2 are
 SOLUTION
 Elements of Jacobian matrix are obtained by taking derivatives of the previous
equation with respect to ∂2, ∂3 and |V2|.
SOLUTION
 SOLUTION
 The load and generation expressed in per units are:
 SOLUTION
 Evaluating the elements of the Jacobian matrix with the initial estimate, the set of
linear equations in the first iteration becomes

 Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation, the new bus voltages in the
first iteration are
 SOLUTION
 Voltage phase angle are in radian. For second iteration:

AND
 SOLUTION
 For third iteration:

AND
 SOLUTION
 The power converge in 3 iterations with a maximum power mismatch of 2.5 x 10-4
with V2 =0.97168 ∟-2.696◦ and V3 = 1.04 ∟-0.4988◦

Thus;

Q3= 1.4617 pu; P1 = 2.1842 pu; Q1 = 1.4085 pu