Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstact Rre
Abstact Rre
Theorem
Every cyclic group is abelian.
Example:
Find the quotient q and remainder r when 38 is divided by 7.
q=5, r=3
Theorem
A subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic.
Proof: by the division algorithm.
Corollary
The subgroups of Z under addition are precisely the groups nZ under
addition for nZ.
Greatest common divisor
Note that d=nr+ms for some integers n and m. Every integer dividing
both r and s divides the right-hand side of the equation, and hence
must be a divisor of d also. Thus d must be the largest number
dividing both r and s.
Fact
If r and s are relatively prime and if r divides sm, then r must divide m.
The structure of Cyclic Groups
Theorem
Let G be a cyclic group with generator a. If the order of G is infinite,
then G is isomorphic to Z, + . If G has finite order n, then G is
isomorphic to Zn, +n .
Subgroups of Finite Cyclic Groups
Theorem
Let G be a cyclic group with n elements and generated by a. Let bG
and let b=as. Then b generates a cyclic subgroup H of G containing
n/d elements, where d = gcd (n, s).
Also as = ar if and only gcd (s, n) = gcd (t, n).
Corollary
If a is a generator of a finite cyclic group G of order n, then the other
generators of G are the elements of the form ar, where r is relatively
prime to n.
Example: Find all subgroups of Z18 and give their subgroup diagram.
• All subgroups are cyclic
• By Corollary, 1 is the generator of Z18, so is 5, 7, 11, 13, and 17.
• Starting with 2, 2 ={0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 }is of order 9, and
gcd(2, 18)=2=gcd(k, 18) where k is 2, 4, 8, 10, 14, and 16. Thus 2,
4, 8, 10, 14, and 16 are all generators of 2.
• 3={0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15} is of order 6, and gcd(3, 18)=3=gcd(k, 18)
where k=15
• 6={0, 6, 12} is of order 3, so is 12
• 9={0, 9} is of order 2
Subgroup diagram of Z18
1
2 3
6 9
0