NOISE IN ANALOG

COMMUNICATION

SAINATH
MYANA,
1210416143,
3A.
 CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION TO NOISE
• SOURCES OF NOISE
• TYPES OF NOISE
• SIGNAL TO NOISE
• NOISE FIGURE
NOISE:
Noise is a general term which is used to describe
an unwanted signal which affects a wanted
signal
In any communication system, during the
transmission of the signal or while receiving the
signal, some unwanted signal gets introduced
into the communication, making it unpleasant
for the receiver, and questioning the quality of
the communication. Such a disturbance is called
as noise.
The noise signal can be understood by taking a
look at the following figure.

Hence, it is understood that

the noise is some signal which
has no pattern and no
constant frequency or
amplitude. It is quite random
and unpredictable.
Most common examples of noise are :
1.Hiss sound in radio receivers
2.Buzz sound amidst of telephone conversations
3.Flicker in television receivers, etc

The classification of noise is done depending on the

type of the source, the effect it shows or the relation it
has with the receiver, etc.

There are two main ways in which noise is produced:

1.External source
2.Internal source
External Source:
This noise is produced by the external sources, which
may occur in the medium or channel of communication
usually. This noise cannot be completely eliminated.
The best way is to avoid the noise from affecting the
signal.
Examples:
Most common examples of this type of noise are:
1. Atmospheric noise (due to irregularities in the
atmosphere).
2. Extra-terrestrial noise, such as solar noise and cosmic
noise.
3. Industrial noise.
Atmospheric noise:
Atmospheric noise or static is generally caused by
lightning discharges in thunderstorms and other
natural electrical disturbances occurring in the
atmosphere.
Atmospheric Noise becomes less at frequencies
above 30 MHz Because of two factors:-
1. Higher frequencies are limited to line of sight
propagation i.e. less than 80 km or so.
2. Nature of mechanism generating this noise is such
that very little of it is created in VHF range and
above.
Extraterrestrial noise:
Divided into two noises
1.Solar noise
2.Cosmic noise

Solar noise:

Under normal conditions there is a constant noise

radiation from sun, simply because it is a large body at a
very high temperature ( over 6000°C on the surface, it
therefore radiates over a very broad frequency spectrum
which includes frequencies we use for communication.
Cosmic noise:
Sources of cosmic noise are distant stars
The noise received is called Black Body noise and is
distributed fairly uniformly over the entire sky
Industrial noise:
This noise ranges between 1 to 600 MHz ( in urban,
suburban and other industrial areas) and is most
prominent.
Sources of such Noise : Automobiles and aircraft
ignition, electric motors, switching equipment,
leakage from high voltage lines and a multitude of
other heavy electrical machines.
Internal Source:
This noise is produced by the receiver components
while functioning. The components in the circuits, due
to continuous functioning, may produce few types of
noise. This noise is quantifiable. A proper receiver
design may lower the effect of this internal noise.
Noise created by any of the active or passive devices
found in receivers.
Such noise is generally random, impossible to treat on
individual voltage basis, but easy to observe and
describe statistically.
.
Examples:
Most common examples of this type of noise are:
1.Thermal agitation noise (Johnson noise or Electrical
noise)
2.Shot noise (due to the random movement of
electrons and holes)
3.Transit-time noise (during transition)

Internal noise can be further classified as:

1. Thermal Noise
2. Shot Noise
3. Low frequency or flicker Noise
4. Burst Noise
Thermal noise:
The noise generated in a resistance or a resistive
component is random and is referred to as thermal,
agitation, white or Johnson noise.
CAUSE :
• The free electrons within an electrical conductor
possess kinetic energy as a result of heat exchange
between the conductor and its surroundings.
• Due to this kinetic energy the electrons are in motion,
this motion is randomized through collisions with
imperfections in the structure of the conductor. This
process occurs in all real conductors and gives rise to
conductors resistance.
SHOT NOISE:

It is caused by the thermal motion of the electrons

and occurs in any conductor that has a resistance,

Shot noise also occurs in semi conductors due to

liberation of charge carriers

Shot noise is particularly noticeable in

semiconductor devices, such as tunnel junctions,
Schottky barrier diodes and p-n junctions.
Burst noise:
Burst noise is a type of electronic noise that occurs in
semiconductors. It is also called popcorn noise,
impulse noise, bi-stable noise, or random telegraph
signal (RTS) noise.

Flicker noise
This noise is observed below frequencies of few
kilohertz and its spectral density increases with
decrease in frequency. For this reason it is
sometimes referred to as 1/f noise.
Flicker noise can be reduced significantly by using
wire-wound or metallic film resistors rather than
the more common carbon composition type

Flicker noise is a type of electronic noise with a 1/f

power spectral density.
It often occurs as a resistance fluctuation.
Flicker noise or 1/f noise can be expressed in the
form:
S(f)=K/f
Crosstalk:
Crosstalk has been experienced by anyone who, while
using the telephone, has been able to hear another
conversation.
It is an unwanted coupling between signal paths.
It can occur by electrical coupling between nearby
twisted pair or, rarely, coax cable lines carrying multiple
signals.
Crosstalk can also occur when unwanted signals are
picked up by microwave antennas; although highly
directional, microwave energy does spread during
propagation.
Typically, crosstalk is of the same order of magnitude
(or less) as thermal noise.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is the ratio of the
signal power to noise power. The higher the value
of SNR, the greater will be the quality of the
received output.

Signal to noise ratio is given by:

(S/N)=signal power/noise power

Signal to noise ratio in db is expressed as:

SNR(dB)=10log10(SNR)
Noise factor & noise figure basics:
noise figure is simply the comparison of the SNR at the
input and the output of the circuit.

There are two basic figures that can be used:

1.Noise factor
2.Noise figure

Noise factor: The noise factor can be derived

simply by taking the SNR at the input and dividing
it by the SNR at the output. As the SNR at the
output will always be worse, i.e. lower, this means
that the noise factor is always greater than one.
The noise factor is rarely seen in specifications.
Noise figure: Noise figure is a metric used to
indicate the quality of amplifiers. It is the decibel
representation of the noise factor that determines
the sensitivity of the amplifier is decreased to an
incoming signal due to its internal noise.
it is defined as the ratio of total output noise power
to the output noise due to the input source. Noise
figure indicates the noise performance of a radio
frequency (RF) system. Noise figure is usually
measured using standard noise generators or
standard signal generators.

Noise figure(F)db=10logF
Parameters:

In the diagram S1 is the signal at the input,

N1 is the noise at the input
and S2 is the signal at the output and N2
the noise at the output
THANK YOU