ME-448 ICE Automotive History Lec-1

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)
Internal combustion engines
Course Code ME-448
Modern Automobile Evolution
Engr Mohammad Ikhlaq Khattak

ikhlaq@smme.nust.edu.pk
History of the automobile
• The history of the automobile is very rich and dates back to the
15th century when Leonardo da Vinci was creating designs and
models for transport vehicles.
01 Automotive History (ID 265) 2

History of the automobile
• The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras,
based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined
by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.
• In 1808 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an
internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.
• In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion
engine. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine.
• The car's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-
powered engine, an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition.
The Selden Road-Engine
The design of the Cugnot Steam Trolley (Jonathan Holguinisburg) (1769

German Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888, regarded as the first
electric car of the world
1900 Horseless carriage

1885-built Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first car to go into
Gold Metal award for 2nd Prize of America's first
production with an internal combustion engine 01Automotive History (ID 265)automobile race in Chicago on November 28, 18956
The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes
the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by
Nikolaus Otto.
The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel.
The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for
gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by Christian
Friedrich Schönbein in 1838.
The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos Jedlik, one of the inventors
of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who invented the lead-acid battery in
1859.

• In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile.
• This is also considered to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other
identical copies. The automobile was powered by a single cylinder two stroke engine.
• After producing and selling the Model A in 1903, Ford Motor Company's Model T
became the first mass-produced automobile in 1908, focusing on affordability for the
average consumer.
• By 1927 Ford produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles and only then
developed the Model A.
• At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles were a popular
method of automobile propulsion[citation needed], but their common use did not
last long, and they diminished to a niche market until the turn of the 21st century.
The first automobile in Japan, a French Panhard-Levassor, in 1898

Pre-WW II Era
• The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression
in 1930, and ended with the recovery after World War II,
commonly placed at 1946.
• It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully closed bodies
began to dominate sales, with the new saloon/sedan body style
even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage.
Cont’d…
01 Automotive History (ID 265)
Pre-WW II Era
• The old open-top runabouts, phaetons, and touring cars were

phased out by the end of the classic era as wings, running boards,
and headlights were gradually integrated with the body of the car.
• By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today’s
automobiles had been invented, although some things were later
“re-invented”, and credited to someone else.
Cont’d…
The Präsident automobile
Exemplary Pre-War Automobiles
• 1932–1939 Alvis Speed 20 and Speed 25 — the first cars with all-
synchromesh gearbox.
• 1932–1948 Ford V-8 (Model B) — introduction of the powerful
flathead V8 in mainstream vehicles, setting new performance and
efficiency standards.
• 1934–1938 Tatra 77 — first serial-produced car with aerodynamical
design.
Cont’d…
A Stanley Steamer race car in 1903.

• 1934–1940 Bugatti Type 57 — a singular refined automobile for the

wealthy.
• 1934–1956 Citroën Traction Avant — the first mass-produced front-
wheel drive car, built with monocoque chassis.
• 1936–1955 MG T series — sports cars with youth appeal at an
affordable price.
1926 Bugatti Type 35
Cont’d…
• 1938–2003 Volkswagen Beetle — a design for efficiency and low
price, which was produced for over 60 years with minimal basic
change; it has the largest production in history with over 20 million
units produced in several counties.
• The car was awarded the fourth place in the international Car of
the 20th Century competition. A new car echoing the styling of the
original has been produced in the 21st century.
Cont’d…
• 1936–1939 Rolls-Royce Phantom III — V12 engined pinnacle of pre-

war engineering, with technological advances not seen in most
other manufacturers until the 1960s. Superior performance and
quality.
1934–1956 Citroën Traction

Avant — the first mass-
produced front-wheel
drive car, built
with monocoque chassis

Post-War Era
• Since World War II automobile design experienced the total

revolution changes to ponton style (without a non-compact ledge
elements), one of the first mass representatives of that were the
Soviet GAZ-M20 Pobeda (1946), British Standard Vanguard (1947),
US Studebaker Champion and Kaiser Special (1947), and small
serial Czech luxury Tatra T600 Tatraplan (1946) and Italian Cisitalia
220 sportcar (1947).
Cont’d…
Post-War Era
• Automobile design and production finally emerged from the

military orientation and other shadow of war in 1949, the year that
in the United States saw the introduction of high-compression V8
engines and modern bodies from General Motors’ Oldsmobile and
Cadillac brands.
• The unibody/strut-suspended 1951 Ford Consul joined the 1948
Morris Minor and 1949 Rover P4 in waking up the automobile
market in the United Kingdom. In Italy, Enzo Ferrari was beginning
his 250 series, just as Lancia introduced the revolutionary V6-
Cont’d…
powered Aurelia.

Exemplary Post-War Cars
• 1946–1958 GAZ-M20 Pobeda — Soviet mass car with full ponton

design.
• 1947–1958 Standard Vanguard — British mass car with full ponton
design some and
• 1948–1971 Morris Minor – a popular and typical early post-war car
exported around the world
Cont’d…
• 1953–1971 Chevrolet Bel Air and 1953–2002 Cadillac Eldorado

Brougham – resentatives of golden epoch of American tailfin car
design
• 1955–1976 Citroën DS — bright and non-often representative of
unusual bogie (hydro-pneumatic) design
• 1959–2000 Mini — this quintessential small car lasted for four
decades, and is one of the most famous cars of all time; the car has
a re-styled new version in the 21st century.
Cont’d…
1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon, one of the first U.S. all-
metal station wagons

• 1961–1975 Jaguar E-type — the E-type saved Jaguar on the track

and in the showroom.
• 1963–1989 Porsche 911 – wanted non-cheap but mass sport car,
famoused its company; car was awarded the fifth place on
international Car of the 20th Century competition; the car has
successors with a similar design.
• 1964–present Ford Mustang — the pony car that became one of
the best-selling and most-collected cars of the era.
Cont’d…
• 1966–end of the 20th century Fiat 124 — an Italian car that was
licence produced in many other counties including the Soviet Union
where as the VAZ-2101 it launched mass automobilisation.
• 1967–2002 Chevrolet Camaro – The pony car that General Motors
introduced to compete with Ford’s mustang which featured the
relatively new Coke bottle styling.
Cont’d…
1946 GAZ-M20 Pobeda one of
the first mass-produced cars
Exemplary Post-War Cars with ponton design
• 1969 Datsun 240Z — one of the first

Japanese sports cars to be a smash hit
with the North American public, it
paved the way for future decades of
Japanese strength in the automotive
industry. It was affordable and well
built, and had great success both on
the track and in the showroom.

Modern Era
• The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the

current year. However, there are some technical and design aspects
that differentiate modern cars from antiques.
• Without considering the future of the car, the modern era has been
one of increasing standardization, platform sharing, and computer-
aided design.
Cont’d…
23
01 Automotive History (ID 265)

Modern Era
• Some particular contemporary developments are the proliferation

of front- and all-wheel drive, the adoption of the diesel engine, and
the ubiquity of fuel injection. While all of these advances were first
attempted in earlier eras, they so dominate the market today that
it is easy to overlook their significance.
• Nearly all modern passenger cars are front-wheel-drive
monocoque /unibody designs, with transversely mounted engines,
but this design was considered radical as late as the 1960s.
Cont’d…
Modern Era
• Body styles have changed as well in the modern era. Three types,
the hatchback, sedan, and sport utility vehicle, dominate today’s
market, yet are relatively recent concepts.
• All originally emphasised practicality, but have mutated into today’s
high-powered luxury crossover SUV, sports wagon, two-volume
Large MPV.
• The rise of pickup trucks in the United States, and SUVs worldwide,
has changed the face of motoring, with these “trucks” coming to
command more than half of the world automobile market.
Cont’d…
Modern Era
• There was also the appearance of new one-volume MPV class

(smaller non-commercial passenger minivans), among the first of
which were the French Renault Espace and US Pontiac Trans Sport.
• The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficiency and
engine output.
Cont’d…
Modern Era
• Once the automobile emissions concerns of the 1970s were

conquered with computerized engine management systems, power
began to rise rapidly.
• In the 1980s, a powerful sports car might have produced
200 horsepower (150 kW) – 20 years later, average passenger cars
had engines that powerful, and some performance models offer
three times as much power.
Cont’d…
Modern Era
• The economic crisis of 2008 cut almost a third of light vehicle sales
from Chrysler, Toyota, Ford, and Nissan. It also subtracted about a
fourth of Honda’s sales and about a seventh of sales from General
Motors.
• Since 2009, China has become the new world’s absolute car
manufacturer leader with production more than US, Japan or all
Europe. Besides large growth of car production in Asian and other
countries, the junctions (and breaks) of produces into transnational
corporate groups and the transnational “platforms” of a cars
Cont’d…
became as wide practice.

Modern Era
• Since the end of the 20th century, several award competitions of

cars and trucks have become widely known, such as European Car
of the Year Car of the Year Japan, North American Car of the Year,
World Car of the Year, Truck of the Year, and International Car of
the Year, so that vehicles of different classes, producers, and
countries win alternately. Also, Car of the Century awards were
held, in which in the US the Ford Model T was named as most
influential car of the 20th century.
Cont’d…
Exemplary Modern Cars
• 1966–present Toyota Corolla – a simple small Japanese

saloon/sedan that has come to be the best-selling car of all time.
• 1970–present Range Rover – the first take on the combination of
luxury and four-wheel drive utility, the original ‘SUV’. Such was the
popularity of the original Range Rover Classic that a new model
was not brought out until 1994.
Cont’d…
• 1973–present Mercedes-Benz S-Class – electronic anti-lock braking

system, supplemental restraint airbags, seat belt pretensioners,
and electronic traction control systems all made their debut on the
S-Class. These features would later become standard throughout
the car industry.
• 1975–present BMW 3 Series – the 3 Series has been on Car and
Driver magazine’s annual Ten Best list 17 times, making it the
longest running entry in the list.
Cont’d…
• 1977–present Honda Accord saloon/sedan — this Japanese sedan

became the most popular car in the United States in the 1990s,
pushing the Ford Taurus aside, and setting the stage for today’s
upscale Asian sedans.
• 1981–1989 Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant — the “K-cars” that
saved Chrysler as a major manufacturer. These models were some
of the first successful American front-wheel drive, fuel-efficient
compact cars.
Cont’d…
• 1983–present Chrysler minivans – the two-box minivan design

nearly pushed the station wagon out of the market, and presaged
today’s crossover SUVs.
• 1984–present Renault Espace — first mass one-volume car of non-
commercial MPV class.
• 1986–present Ford Taurus — this mid-sized front-wheel drive
sedan with modern computer-assisted design dominated the
American market in the late 1980s, and created a design revolution
in North America.
Cont’d…
• 1989–1999 Pontiac Trans Sport was one the first of the one-box
cars.
• 1997–present Toyota Prius, launched in the Japanese market, in
September 2010 reached worldwide cumulative sales of two
million units, becoming the best known hybrid electric vehicle in
the world.
• 1998–present Ford Focus — one of the most popular hatchbacks
across the globe, also one of Ford’s best selling world cars.
Cont’d…
• 2008–present Tata Nano — an inexpensive (INR 100,000, $2200),

rear-engined, four-passenger city car built by the Indian company
Tata Motors and is aimed primarily at the Indian domestic market.
• 2008–present Tesla Roadster — the first highway-capable all-
electric vehicle in serial production for sale in the United States in
the modern era.
Cont’d…
• 2010–present, Nissan Leaf and

Chevrolet Volt — an all-electric car and
a plug-in hybrid correspondingly, were
launched in the U.S. and Japanese
markets in December 2010, becoming
the first mass production vehicles of
their kind. Nissan Leaf re-charging in
Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Brief Summary
• The evolution of cars or automobiles started as early as 1769, by

invention of steam-powered cars capable for human transport. In
early 1800s – 1806 to be exact, the first cars powered by internal
combustion engines running on fuel gas appeared, which in turn
directed to the introduction in 1885 of the ubiquitous modern
gasoline – or petrol-fueled internal combustion engine.
Cont’d…
Brief Summary
• Cars powered by electricity briefly appeared at the turn of the 20th

century but largely disappeared from commonality until the turn of
the 21st century, when interest in low- and zero-emissions
transportation was reignited.
• As such, the early history of the automobile can be divided into a
number of eras based on the prevalent method of automotive
propulsion during that time.
Cont’d…
Brief Summary
• Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling and size and
utility preferences.
• It can be said that the future of automobiles will focus on those
with low and zero emission, which is a return to the beginnings of
transportation (e.g. horse powered chariots), only this time with
much (many) more horse power.
Cont’d…
Present and Future Cars
Cont’d…
Cont’d…

Thank You
http://www.curbsideclassic.com/automotive-
histories/automotive-history-an-illustrated-history-of-
automotive-aerodynamics-part-1-1899-1939/ https://youtu.be/hDeTPdUNw0Y
https://youtu.be/Rb3E8GI0vNM

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School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Internal combustion engines

Course Code ME-448

Modern Automobile Evolution

Engr Mohammad Ikhlaq Khattak

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 2

The design of the Cugnot Steam Trolley (Jonathan Holguinisburg) (1769

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 4

1900 Horseless carriage

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 5

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 7

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 9

• The old open-top runabouts, phaetons, and touring cars were

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 12

• 1934–1940 Bugatti Type 57 — a singular refined automobile for the

1926 Bugatti Type 35

• 1936–1939 Rolls-Royce Phantom III — V12 engined pinnacle of pre-

1934–1956 Citroën Traction

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 15

• Since World War II automobile design experienced the total

• Automobile design and production finally emerged from the

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 17

• 1946–1958 GAZ-M20 Pobeda — Soviet mass car with full ponton

• 1953–1971 Chevrolet Bel Air and 1953–2002 Cadillac Eldorado

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 19

• 1961–1975 Jaguar E-type — the E-type saved Jaguar on the track

• 1969 Datsun 240Z — one of the first

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 22

• The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the

01 Automotive History (ID 265)

• Some particular contemporary developments are the proliferation

• There was also the appearance of new one-volume MPV class

• Once the automobile emissions concerns of the 1970s were

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 28

• Since the end of the 20th century, several award competitions of

• 1966–present Toyota Corolla – a simple small Japanese

• 1973–present Mercedes-Benz S-Class – electronic anti-lock braking

• 1977–present Honda Accord saloon/sedan — this Japanese sedan

• 1983–present Chrysler minivans – the two-box minivan design

• 2008–present Tata Nano — an inexpensive (INR 100,000, $2200),

• 2010–present, Nissan Leaf and

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 36

• The evolution of cars or automobiles started as early as 1769, by

• Cars powered by electricity briefly appeared at the turn of the 20th

01 Automotive History (ID 265) 43

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