PRESENTORS:

JOHN PATRICK RABANAL

KIMBERLY ROSS MARTINEZ
KATRINA JADE PAJO
ERIKA JANE PESCADOR
12- SOCRATES
Oyster (C. iredalei) and Sea
urchin (T. gratilla) shells in
the Production of Iloco
Ceramic Tiles
BACKGROUND
Accumulation of wastes such as shells along
the coastal area of Ilocos Sur is increasing
that may endanger marine life in the
province. On the other hand, with the
depleting source of raw materials for Iloco
ceramic tile production, this weakened the
manufacturing and may lead to its dying
out.
BACKGROUND
In a study conducted by Obrero (2002),
it was found that shells contain calcium
carbonate and silicate that can be used
in ceramic production.
BACKGROUND
-----Hence, Iloco Ceramic
production shall rise from
the ashes of shells
This study aimed to determine:
1. The potential of oyster (C. iredalei) shells
and sea urchin (T. gratilla) shells in the
production of Iloko ceramic tiles in terms of:
a. 100% oyster (C. iredalei)shells,
b. 100% sea urchin (T. gratilla) shells, and
c. 50% oyster shells and 50% sea urchin
shells
This study aimed to determine:
2.The physical characteristics of the three (3) experimental set ups
in terms of:
a. color,
b. texture,
c. durability,
d. porosity,
e. plasticity,
f. firing shrinkage, and
g. drying shrinkage
This study aimed to determine:
3.The physical characteristics of the control set up in terms of:
a. color,
b. texture,
c. durability,
d. porosity,
e. plasticity,
f. firing shrinkage, and
g. drying shrinkage
This study aimed to determine:
4. Is there a significant
difference between the three
experimental set- up and the
control set- up?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

•Solid waste
management
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

•Prevention of rapid
growth of insects that
carry disease causing
bacteria and virus.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

•Variation in
commercial tiles in
the market
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

•Export potential and

compete in
international market
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

•Generation of
employment and
economic growth
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
•The study is bounded on the production
of Iloko ceramic tiles using oyster shells
and sea urchin shells as alternative
source of silica along the following
variables (1) texture, (2) color, (3)
durability, (4) porosity, (5) plasticity, (6)
firing and (7) drying shrinkage.
 EXPERIMENTAL SET UPS

Pure Oyster Pure Sea Urchin 50% Oyster

50% Sea Urchin
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
Ilocos Sur National High School

Brgy. Bulala, Vigan City

University of Northern Philippines

STATISTICAL TOOLS
•Percentage
•Mean
•Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA)
MATERIALS

Oyster shells Sea urchin shells

MATERIALS

Vigan Clay sand water

EQUIPMENT

strainer Magnetic wire caliper Mortar and pestle/

hammer

Foot rule Paring tool Weighing scale Screen mesh 40

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Gathering of Oyster shells and Sea urchin shells

Washing and drying of Oyster shells and Sea urchin shells

Pulverizing the Oyster shells and Sea urchin shells

Mixing the 4 powders namely pure Oyster shells, pure Sea urchin shells,
50% Oyster shells and 50% Sea Urchin shells and sand to the Vigan Clay

Shaping the clay using the wooden molder

Air drying the tiles under the sun for 4 days

Cooking the tiles in a kiln at a temperature range of 900°C to 1 000°C

Sensory Evaluation of the 4 tiles in terms of color anad texture

Testing of the durabaility of the 4 tiles using the compressive strength test

Comparing the results of the four tiles in terms of their physical

characteristics
FORMULATION
Vigan Sea Urchin
Set-up Silica Oyster Shell
Clay Shell
Control 60% 40%
Experimental 1 60% 40%

Experimental 2 60% 40%

Experimental 3 60% 20% 20%

EVALUATION AND TEST METHODS
1. Test of Clay

Wet Weight − Dry Weight

a. % H2O plasticity = x 100%
Dry Weight

Plastic Length − Dry Length

b. Drying Shrinkage = x 100%
Plastic Length

Dry Length – Fired Length

c. Firing Shrinkage = x 100%
Fired Length

Suspended Weight − Fired Weight

d. % H2O Absorption = x 100%
Fired Weight
EVALUATION AND TEST METHODS
2. Test on Color and texture

a.Sensory Evaluation by potters,

vendors, consumers and
ceramic specialists
EVALUATION AND TEST METHODS
3. Test on durability

a.Compressive strength test

FINDINGS
On the physical characteristics of the
experimental set up
On color
1. Set Up A or Pure oyster tile has the greatest mean
score. COLOR
SET-UP
Mean Descriptive Rating

A 7.47 A

B 6.96 A

C 6.84 A

Composite Mean 7.09 A

On the physical characteristics of the
experimental set up
On texture
1. Set Up A or Pure oyster tile has the greatest mean
score. Set- up Texture

Mean Descriptive Rating

A 7.36 A

B 6.36 MA

C 6.76 A

Composite Mean 6.83 A

On the physical characteristics of the
experimental set up
On durability
1. Set Up C or Combined oyster and sea urchin shells
tile has the highest compressive strength
Set-up Durability

A 14.56 Mpa

B 14.87 Mpa

C 15.70 Mpa

Composite Mean 15.04 Mpa

On the physical characteristics of the
experimental set up
On porosity
1. Pure oyster shells tile has the lowest water
absorption. Hence, it is less prone to crumbling
Set-up Porosity

A 4.76%

B 9.52%

C 5.88%

Composite Mean 6.72%

On the physical characteristics of the
experimental set up
On plasticity
1. Pure sea urchin shells tile has the highest plasticity
percentage so it is more workable
Set-up Plasticity

A 6.25%

B 9.09%

C 8.33%

Composite Mean 7.89%

On the physical characteristics of the
experimental set up
On firing shrinkage
1. Pure oyster shells tile has the lowest firing shrinkage
percentage. Hence, it does not shrink much after
cooking.
Set-up Firing shrinkage

A 1.23%

B 1.28%

C 1.25%
On the physical characteristics of the
experimental set up
On drying shrinkage
1. Pure oyster shells tile has the lowest drying shrinkage
so it retained its size more after sun drying
Set-up Drying shrinkage

A 3.53%

B 7.06%

C 4.71%

Composite Mean 5.10%

 On the physical characteristics of the control set up
Physical Characteristics

Color Texture Durability Porosity Plasticity Firing Drying

Shrinkage shrinkage

Control 9.53 9.49 15.14 4.65% 10.87% 1.22% 2.35%

Set up (HA) (HA) Mpa

 Summary Table of the Four (4) set ups
Physical Characteristics
Set –up Color Texture Durability Porosity Plasticity Firing Drying
shrinkage shrinkage
A 7.47 7.36 14.56 4.76% 6.25% 1.23% 3.53%
Mpa
B 6.96 6.36 14.87 5.88% 9.09% 1.28% 7.06%
Mpa
C 6.84 6.76 15.70 9.52% 8.33% 1.25% 4.71%
Mpa
D 9.53 9.49 15.14 4.65% 10.87% 1.22% 2.35%
Mpa
On significant difference of the experimental
set ups and control set up
On Color
Sum of
On Color Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 9.541 2 4.770
pure oyster Within Groups 97.659 42 2.325 2.052 p>0.05
Total 107.200 44
Between Groups 6.853 2 3.427
pure sea urchin Within Groups 125.058 42 2.978 1.151 p>0.05
Total 131.911 44
Between Groups 5.889 2 2.945
50-50 Within Groups 150.022 42 3.572 .824 p>0.05
Total 155.911 44
On significant difference of the experimental
set ups and control set up
On Texture
Sum of Mean
On Texture Squares Df Square F Sig.
Between Groups 17.634 3 5.878
pure oyster Within Groups 134.677 41 3.285 1.789 p>0.05
Total 152.311 44
Between Groups 9.793 3 3.264
pure sea urchin Within Groups 140.519 41 3.427 .952 p>0.05
Total 150.311 44
Between Groups 4.597 3 1.532
50-50 Within Groups 113.714 41 2.774 .552 p>0.05
Total 118.311 44
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
1. Ceramic tiles made of pure oyster shells, pure
sea urchin shells and combined oyster shells and
sea urchin shells have potential in the
production of Iloco ceramic tiles

2. Combined oyster and sea urchin shells requires

greater compressive strength force than the other
set ups. Hence, it is more durable.
CONCLUSION
3. Of the three (3) experimental set ups, pure oyster
shell set up showed higher acceptability in terms of
color and texture thus, it is commercially accepted.
In addition, it has a lesser water absorption
percentage making it less prone to crumble and less
prone to shrinkage after drying and firing

4. Pure sea urchin shell set up has the highest

plasticity percentage. Therefore, it is more workable
and can be molded in any shape desired.
CONCLUSION
5. Ceramic tiles made of pure oyster shells, pure
sea urchin shells and combined oyster shells and
sea urchin shells are comparable to those with
silica in terms of color and texture.
RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATION
1. Sea urchin shells should be calcined thoroughly
so that there will be no visible spines in the
produced ceramic tiles.

2. Other researches should include other physical

properties in testing the significant difference
of the experimental set up and the control set
up.
RECOMMENDATION
3. Further studies should include other variables
to test the feasibility of oyster shells and sea
urchin shells in the production of Ceramic tiles
such as dirt resistance, slip resistance, heat
resistance and color permanence.

4. An in depth study should be conducted to

determine the best proportion of clay to
powdered oyster shells and sea urchin shells.
RECOMMENDATION
5. It is recommended that oyster shells and sea urchin
shells should be utilized in the production of Iloco
Ceramic tiles in order to minimize solid waste along
shorelines.

6. The city government should endorse the use of oyster

shells and sea urchin shells such as livelihood trainings
and seminars that may be developed into a source of
employment and income.
RECOMMENDATION
7. It is recommended to conduct a study that
utilizes other mollusks or calcium carbonate rich
materials such as mussel shells and rice panicle in
producing Iloco ceramic tiles.