Small Signal Analysis

Electronics Engineering
 DC Analysis
• DC biasing is used to establish fixed dc
values for the transistor currents and
voltages called the dc operating point or
quiescent point.
• Establishes the dc operating point (Q-
point)
 AC Analysis
• Frequency Response
• Low and High Cut-off Frequency
• Gain
• Computes the complex values of the node
voltages of a linear circuit as a function of
frequency of a sinusoidal signal applied at
the inputs
 AC Analysis
• Small Signal Analysis
• Large Signal Analysis
 Transistor Models
• BJT
– re model
– Hybrid model
• FET
– gm Model
 Important Parameters
• Using two port model
 Linear Amplification Process

Floyd, T. L. (2012). Electronic Devices: Conventional Current Version (9th ed.).

Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
 re Model
• Common Base
– The base-to-emitter junction of the transistor
is forward bias (a diode can be used to model
the junction)
– The base-to-collector is reversed biased thus
it has an almost infinite impedance
(dependent current source)
 Common Base

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Common Base w/ ro

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Common Emitter

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Common Emitter

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Small Signal Analysis Procedure
• Setting all the DC sources to zero
• Replace all the capacitor by a short-circuit
• Removing all the elements bypassed by
the short circuit
• Redraw the network
• Introduce the equivalent model of the
transistor in the circuit
 Small Signal Analysis Procedure
• Perform DC Analysis
• Compute for internal model parameters
• Draw the AC small signal equivalent
• Perform the circuit analysis
 Example 1
• Determine re
Zi, Zo, and Av

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Example 2 (bypassed)
• Determine re
Zi, Zo, and Av

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Example 3 (unbypassed)
• Without CE
Determine re
Zi, Zo, and Av

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 gm Model

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
Zi and Zo
 JFET equivalent circuit

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Example 1
• Determine gm
rd ,Zi, Zo, and Av
given yos = 40us
- Determine AV
Ignoring the value
of rd

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Example 2
• Determine gm
rd ,Zi, Zo, and Av
given yos = 20uS

Boylestad, Robert and Nashelsky, Loius., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
(12th edition), Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2012
 Hybrid Model (h model)
• A manufacturer’s datasheet typically
specifies h (hybrid) parameters.
• hi, hr, hf, and ho
• Each of four parameters carries a second
subscript letter; e, b, and c.
 Parameters

Floyd, T. L. (2012). Electronic Devices: Conventional Current Version (9th ed.).

Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
 Relationships of h and r Parameters

• The ac current ratios, convert directly from

h parameters as follows:

Floyd, T. L. (2012). Electronic Devices: Conventional Current Version (9th ed.).

Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
Floyd, T. L. (2012). Electronic Devices: Conventional Current Version (9th ed.).
Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.