SHELL STRUCTURE AND CABLE

STRUCTURE

GROUP MEMBERS
VANITA ADAGALE
TANVI BHOIR
ASAWARI GHANGHAV
SANIKA KADAM
TANVI MEJARI
JAGRUTI MHATRE
 WHAT ARE SHELL STRUCTURES?
• Shell structures are basic thin
membrane(tensile, fabric) or slab (lattice
grid )that functions as both structure and
covering.
• They are lightweight , usually curved
elements which are assembled to make
large structures.
• They are structurally continuous so that
they can transfer forces in a number of
different direction in the surface of cell.
• Its efficiency is based on its curve (in
plane forces and secondary force due to
structural deformation).
• Shell structures are usually adopted where
uninterrupted floor space is required.
• Shell structures make structures look
aesthetic due its undulating , curved or
continuous form.
 TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURES
1. FOLDED PLATE SHELLS 2. CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS
• The distinguishing feature of the folded • Barrel vaults are perhaps the most useful
plate is the ease in forming plane surfaces. of the shell structures because they can
• A folded plate may be formed for about the span up to 150 feet with a minimum of
same cost as a horizontal slab and has much material.
less steel and concrete for the same spans. • They are very efficient structures because
• The principle components in a folded plate the use the arch form to reduce stresses
structure consist of : and thicknesses in the transverse direction.
1) the inclined plates.
2) edge plates which must be used to stiffen the
wide plates.
3) stiffeners to carry the loads to the supports
and to hold the plates in line.
4) columns to support the structure in the air.
3. DOMES 4. TRANSLATIONAL SHELL
• A dome is a space structure covering • It is generated by a vertical curve
a more or less square or circular area. sliding along another vertical curve.
• The best known example is the dome The curves can be circles, ellipses , or
of revolution, and it is one of the parabolas.
earliest of the shell structures. • Therefore the vertical sections are all
• Excellent examples are still in identical as opposed to a circular
existence that were built in roman dome in which all vertical sections
times. vary in height.
• They are formed by a surface
generated by a curve of any form
revolving about a vertical line.
• This surface has double curvature
and the resulting structure is much
stiffer and stronger than a single
curved surface, such as a cylindrical
shell.
 CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C BARREL VAULT
• The barrel vault is the most straight forward single curvature shell construction.
• it is the part of cylinder or barrel with same curvature long its length.
• any number of continuous barrels or continuous spans are possible except that eventually
provision is made for the expansion of the joints in a large structure
• the barrel vaults are used as parking, market place, assembly halls, etc.
 Types of barrel vaults
• Short span barrel vaults
• Long span barrel vaults

SHORT SPAN BARREL VAULT

• Short span barrel vaults are those in which span is shorter than its width. it is used for the
with of the arch ribs between which the barrel vault span.

 long span barrel vault

• Long span barrel vaults are those in which span is larger than its
width.
• Strength of the structure lies at the right angles to the curvature to
that span is longitudinal to the curvature"
STIFFENING BEAMS AND ARCHES:
• Under local load the thin shell of the barrel vault
will tend to distort and lose shape and even
collapse if the resultant stresses were more.
• To strengthen the shell against this possibly,
stiffening beams or arches are cast integrally with
the shell
• The common practice is to provide a stiffening
member between the column supporting the shell.
• Down stand stiffening rcc beam is most efficient
because of its depth, but this interrupts the line of
soffit of vaults, for this up stand stiffening beam is
used.
• The disadvantage of up stand beam is that it breaks
up the line of roof and need protections against .
EDGE AND VALLEY BEAMS:
• due to self weight and imposed load the
thin shell will tend to spread and its
curvature flatten out. to resist this rack
edge beams are cast between column.
• Edge beams may be cast as dropped beams
or beams or partially as both. in hot climate
the dropped beam is used where as in
temperate climate up stand beam used to
form drainage channel for rainwater.
• In multi-bay structures, spreading of the
vaults is largely transmitted to the adjacent
shells, so down stand and feather valley
beam is used.
 EXPANSION JOINTS ROOF INSULATION
• The change in temperature causes the expansion• The thin shell offers poor resistance to transfer
and contraction in concrete structures, which of heat. the need to add some form of insulating
causes the statures to deform or collapse. lining adds considerable to cost of shell .the
• To limit this continuous expansion joints are most satisfactory method of insulation is to
formed at the interval of about 30m, along the spread alight weight screed over the shell.
span and across the width of the multi-bay and
multi-span barrel vault roofs. longitudinal
expansion joints are formed in a up stand valley.
ROOF LIGHTS
• Top light can be provided by deck light
formed in the crown of vault or by dome light.
the deck light can be continuous or formed as
individual lights. roof lights are fixed to an
upstand curb cast integrally with the shell
• Advantages of the shell is that its concave
soffit reflect and helps to disperse light over
area below. Disadvantages is that top light
may cause over heating and glare.
ROOF COVERING
• Shells may be covered with non-ferrous sheet
metal, asphalt, bitumen felt, a plastic membrane
or a liquid rubber base coating.
 SHELL STRUCTURES

CASE STUDY: OCEANOGRAPHIC PARK IN VALENCIA ,SPAIN

 ABOUT
•The Oceanografic is a park which exhibits sea animals. It is a large park created on a
small artificial lake. It consists of multiple buildings, all housing different parts of the
exhibit.
• One of the most remarkable building is the central building. Designed by Felix
Candela, this shell structure houses the Submarine Restaurant. It is located on a concrete
island, in the middle of an artificial lake.
 INTRODUCTION
• The Oceanographic Park in Valencia (L’Oceanografic) is a leisure and educational centre,
promoted by the Valencian Government (Spain).
• The project forms part of the City of Arts and Sciences, a the large complex currently under
construction in Valencia (Spain), The Park occupies a plot of approximately 80,000 m2
• L’Oceanografic is made up of a set of buildings and landscaped gardens distributed around a large
lake.

• The Park’s two emblematic features are the roofing, base structures, “JChypar” and “AChypar”, in
hyperbolic-paraboloidsd on Felix Candela’s blueprints and ideas, and designed and technically
assisted by the authors.
• The following presents the construction of one of them, the JChypar roof
 CONSTRUCTION OF JCHYPAR
A STEEL FIBER
REINFORCED CONCRETE THIN SHELL STRUCTURE

ABSTRACT
• The following describes the construction of a thin shell structure using steel
fiber reinforced concrete.
• The roof called jchypar is a groined vault composed of four hyperbolic
paraboloids. shell thickness equals 6 cm and distance between opposite
supports is 35.50 m
CONTENTS

MATERIAL SELECTION STRUCTURAL DESIGN REBAR PLACEMENT

PREVIOUS
CHARACTERIZATION SHORTCRETING,CURING
TESTS
 JCHYPAR ́S GEOMETRY
• JChypar is directly modelled on the roof • These bases are situated on the vertexes of
of the restaurant Los Manantiales in an octagon with 13,58 m long sides. The
Xochimilco, Mexico, constructed by the distance between two opposite supports is
architect Candela in 1957. 35,50 m.
• The shape of JChypar is a groined vault • The top of a free edges projects out 6,83 m,
system composed of eight radically and reaches a height of 12,27 m. The free
symmetrical lobes edges of the shell do not have a border
• Each lobe, along with the opposite, forms beam.
part of a hyperbolic paraboloid, which axes • The shell is made up of steel fiber
X and Y lie on a horizontal plane forming reinforcement concrete (SFRC) with a
an angle of 22,5o, and emerging from the thickness of 6 cm giving it an absolute light
centre of the roof. and slim appearance.
• The Z-axis is vertical. The intersection of
each lobe with the adjacent one forms the
parabolic rib.
• The free edge of each lobe is created by the
intersection of the surface with a plane that
forms an angle of 60o with the horizontal
plane and starts from the line that joins the
bases of the consecutive ribs.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND MATERIALS
• The Degree Of Bending Stress Results In
BENDING
The Appearance Of Tensile Stress That
Could Reach A Level Greater Than The
Resistance Of Concrete’s Capabilities.
• This Led To The Use Of Steel Fibers,
Capable Of Resisting Tensile Stresses, In
STRUCTURAL
The Composition Of The Concrete, And
STABILITY
Also To The Use Of Central
Reinforcement In Order To Resist
SHEARING TWISTING
Membrane Forces.
• Base reinforcement has been designed
using the maximum values of factored
axial forces on the elements.
• A reinforcement mesh with bars of Ievery
15 cm along parallel and perpendicular
directions to axis of each lobe was
designed.
GEOMETRY OF RESTAURANT AND ENTRANCE
BUILDING
 CONSTRUCTION

1. Shoring 2. Wooden formwork 3. Roof reinforcement

8.Final aspect of 6. Drying and Finishing 4.Concrete ‘pouring’

jchypar roof (Concreting process)
 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1. SHORING
•After the foundation is finished, the construction of the
shell started.
•Wooden formwork - supported by shoring towers each
tower had for screwed clamps on the top to support the
formwork. Shoring towers were disposed in two groups-
•First one - shores the radial ribs and consists of towers
disposed on concentric circles under the ribs. Shoring towers formed
by 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 m
•Second one - shores the shell lobes, consists of lines of tubular structure
towers placed along hypar’s x (or y) axis on alternate modulus placed and
lobes. braced one on another.
2. WOODEN FORMWORK
•On top of the temporary structure the formwork is
placed.
•The formwork consists of a surface or wooden tables
fixed wooden beams.
•Wooden beams fixed on the clamps of the shores towers
•1 and half month - to places all the beams of the
covering formwork.The protection of the wood was
performed using mats which were moistened with water
sprinklers.
3. ROOF REINFORCEMENT
• Rib reinforcement - prefabricated on site set on
place ( one week for each rib).
• Steel reinforcement, which is necessary to deal
with the tension in the structure.
• Shell’s rebar mesh - made up of ø8 electro
welded bars of 15x15 cm.

4. SUPPORTS
• The structure is supported on 8 points.
• Each support considered as a hinge, with
restricted lateral displacement and free rotations.
• Such hinge was performed by using a confined
elastomeric bearing “Stronghold H-150”, fixed to
slope trunk-conic concrete basements on the sub-
structure.
5. SHOTCRETING PROCESS
• Because of the steep slopes on the shells, a method called concreting is
used to apply the concrete on the formwork.
• By blasting a thick mixture of concrete on the formworks, the shell is
created around the reinforcement. The appropriate machinery, tools and
materials (cement, fibres and aggregates) were prepared on site.
• The process was as follows:
• concreting of the covering, in order to achieve a uniform concrete
joint.
• concreting of ribs
• concreting of lobes
• The process of concreting included mastering and superficial finishing of
the section being carried out.
• After finishing one of the lanes, it is protected with a plastic sheet to
prevent staining during the next phase.
6. DRYING
• Directly after the last concrete is poured on the formwork, the drying time started. Concrete
has to settle, and it takes at least 28 days before it reaches its full strength.
• During this time, the temporary structure and the formwork has to stay in place.
7. FINISHING
• After 28 days, the formwork and temporary structure can finally be removed.
• Because the shell structure is form-passive, any mistake in the construction can be
disastrous. Therefore the formwork is removed according to a predesigned process, to
monitor the deformations.
 CONNECTION DESIGN
• A rough division is made into 5 main categories of connections.
• These five categories are cast connections, bolted connections, welded
connections, tension connections and form connections.
1. POURED CONNECTIONS
In prefabricated concrete, the most used way of connecting different elements is
to fix the elements in the right position, and pour concrete in-between them to
fix them permanently. Because the connection needs to dry before the structure
is fully able to carry the loads.

2. BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Used when prefabricated elements do not need to transfer forces, but need to be
kept in place

3. WELDED CONNECTIONS
In these connections steel inserts are placed in the prefabricated segments.

4. TENSION CONNECTIONS
The different elements are connected together by a steel cable, which is going
through the segments, and with tension pushing the different segments together.

5. FORM CONNECTIONS
When shapes are used to connect elements together, the segments are designed
as puzzles.
 CONCLUSION
Reduction in
the width of
the cracks

Provision of Addition Better

greater adjusted
ductility of fibers behavior

Sufficient
resistance for
ultimate
design

•The development of this project manifests the great

expressive force of the structures. Final aspect of JChypar roof
•A modern vision of the structural behavior of thin shell
structures, to have itself made a recovered element of the
architecture.
•By means, a suitable construction method and the use of
new technologies using classical materials, decreases its
costs.

CONSTRUCTION TIME
•In total around 200 days were needed to construct the
shell structure.
 WHAT ARE CABLE STRUCTURES?

Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and uses suspension cables for support. Highly
efficient, cable structures include the suspension bridge, the cable-stayed roof, and the bicycle-wheel
roof.
• A cable is a flexible structural component that offers no resistance when compressed or bent in a
curved shape. Technically we can say cable has zero bending rigidity.
• It can only support tensile loading.
• Cables are often used in engineering structures for support and to transmit load from one point to
another when used to support suspension roofs, bridges and trolley wheels, cables form the main
load carrying element in the structure.
• In analysis of cables the weight of itself cable is rejected .We assume that cable is flexible and
inextensible. Due to its flexibility cables offers no resistance to shear or bending.
 TYPES OF CABLES STRUCTURE
There are generally two types of cables structures. 1- Suspension type
Cables.
2- Stayed type Cables.
• SUSPENSION BRIDGE:
• A suspension bridge in which the deck (the load-bearing portion) is hung
below suspension cables on vertical suspenders.
• This type of bridge has cables suspended between towers, plus vertical
suspender cables that carry the weight of the deck below, upon which
traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc
upward for additional clearance.
• The main type of force in a suspension bridge are tension in cables and
compression in the pillars.
• The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, since
any load applied to the bridge is transformed into a tension in these main
cables.
• The main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck-level supports, and
further continue to connections with anchors in the ground.
• The roadway is supported by vertical suspender cables or rods, called
hangers.
• The bridge will usually have two smaller spans, running between either
pair of pillars and the highway, which may be supported by suspender
cables or may use a truss bridge to make this connection. In the latter case
there will be very little arc in the outboard main cables.
 Load Bearing Mechanism of Suspension Bridge Load Bearing Mechanism Of Cable-Stayed Bridges

 CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE
 A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from which cables support the bridge
deck.
 There are two major classes of cable-stayed bridges: harp and fan.
 In the harp or parallel design, the cables are nearly parallel so that the height of their attachment to
the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower to their mounting on the deck.
 In the fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the towers. The fan design is
structurally superior with minimum moment applied to the towers but for practical reasons the
modified fan is preferred especially where many cables are necessary. In the modified fan
arrangement the cables terminate near to the top of the tower but are spaced from each other
sufficiently to allow better termination, improved environmental protection, and good access to
individual cables for maintenance.
• In the cable-stayed bridge, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures which transmit the
bridge loads to the ground.
• A cantilever approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further
from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
SUNSPENSION BRIDGES
Advantages of Suspension Bridges
• bridges have a high strength to weight ratio.
• They are flexible (can also be disadvantage) and can span long distances with no piers therefore
good on very high places, across water etc. and they require little access from below aiding
construction.
• They can be very thin and therefore less visible.
• They have an elegant look.
• The area spanned by a suspension bridge is very long in proportion to the amount of materials
required to construct bridges
Disadvantages of Suspension Bridges
• Flexibility Disadvantages: Suspension bridges are flexible, which is an advantage until conditions
become severe. Instability in extremely turbulent conditions or during strong earthquakes may
require temporary closure. In 1940, high winds caused the Tacoma Narrows bridge, near Seattle,
Washington, to collapse.
• Foundation Disadvantages: When built in soft ground, suspension bridges require extensive and
expensive foundation work to combat the effects of the heavy load on foundation towers.
• Heavy Loads: Flexibility also becomes a disadvantage when heavy, concentrated loads are involved.
Suspension bridges are not generally used for regional rail crossings that carry maximum weight
loads, which adds dangerous stress to the structure
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CABLE-
STAYED BRIDGE
ADVANTAGES OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGES
• The cable-stayed deck is in compression, pulled towards the towers, and has to be stiff at all
stages of construction and use.
• A great advantage of the cable-stayed bridge is that it is essentially made of cantilevers, and can
be constructed by building out from the towers.
• cable-stayed bridges possess higher stiffness and display smaller deflections when compared
with suspension bridges
• Construction time is less for cable stayed bridges.
• Cable Stayed Bridges require less cables.

Kanchanaphisek Bridge, Bangkok Rion-Antirion Bridge

 CABLE STRUCTURE MATERIAL
Cable structures can be paradoxically simple and complicated both in their geometry and
their design and analysis.
• The typical uses are suspension bridges, cable stayed bridges, long span roof
structures, inflatable membrane roofs, elegant railings, cable net glass curtain walls,
and others.
• They are also used in concrete structures in lieu of mild steel reinforcing to achieve
longer spans with thinner members.
• Cables typically consist of steel wire strands grouped together to form a larger strand
or wire rope.
 CABLE STAYED STRUCTURE

CASESTUDY – MILLAU VIADUCT CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

 INTRODUCTION
• It is a cable stayed bridge that spans the gorge valley near Millau in southern France.
• It was designed by the French structural engineer Michel Virlogeux and Norman Foster.
• As of November 2018, it is the tallest bridge in the world, having a structural height of 336.4 meters
(1,104 ft).
• The Millau Viaduct is part of the A75–A71 autoroute axis from Paris to Béziers and Montpellier
and the cost of construction was approximately € 394 million.
• It was built over three years, inaugurated on 14 December 2004 and opened to on 16 December.
• The bridge has been ranked as one of the great engineering achievements of all time, and received
the 2006 Outstanding Structure Award from the International Association for Bridge and
Structural Engineering.

PURPOSE
 To prevent congestion causing by the traffic on the route from Paris to Spain.
 This method of bypassing the Millau considered, not only to ease the flow and reduce journey
times for long distance traffic but also to improve the quality of access to Millau for its local
businesses and residents.
 CONSTRUCTION
• After the laying of the first stone on
December 14, 2001, the workers started
digging the deep shafts. There were four
shafts per pylon; 15 meters deep and 5
meters in diameter.
• In March 2002, the pylons emerged from
the ground. Every three days, each pylon
increased in height by 4 meters. This
performance was mainly due to sliding
shuttering.
• The bridge road deck was constructed on
land at the ends of the Viaduct and rolled
lengthwise from one pylon to the next, with
eight temporary towers providing
additional support.
• The movement was trained by a computer-controlled system of pairs of
wedges under the deck; they moved repeatedly in the following sequence:
the lower wedge slides under the upper wedge, raising it to the roadway
above, and then forcing the upper wedge still higher to lift the roadway.
• The mast pieces were driven over the new road deck lying down
horizontally. The pieces were joined to form the one complete mast, still
lying horizontally. The mast was then tilted upwards, as one piece, at one
time in a tricky operation. In this way, each mast was erected on top of the
corresponding concrete pylon. The stays connecting the masts and the
deck were then installed, and the bridge was tensioned overall, and
weight tested. After this, the temporary pylons could be removed.
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• PYLONS AND ABUTMENTS
• The 7 pylons are supported by 4 deep shafts, 15 meters deep
and 5 meters in diameter.
HEIGHTS OF THE PIERS
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

94.501 m 244.96 m 221.05 m 144.21 m 136.42 m 111.94 m 77.56 m

(310 ft (803 ft (725 ft (473 ft (447 ft (367 ft (254 ft
0.5 in) 8 in) 3 in) 2 in) 7 in) 3 in) 6 in)

• The abutments are concrete structures that provide anchorage

for the road deck to the ground in the Causse du Larzac and the
Causse Rouge.
Pylon under construction
• ROAD DECK
• The metallic road deck, which appears very light which total
mass of around 36,000 tones, is 2,460 meters long and 32 meters
wide. It consist of 8 spans. The 6 central spans measure 342
meters, and the 2 outer spans are 204 meters. These are
composed of 173 central box beams, the spinal column of the
construction, onto which the lateral floors and the lateral box
beams were welded. The central box beams have a 4 meters
cross-section and a length of 15–22 meters for a total weight of
90 metric tons. The deck has an inverse airfoil shape, providing Metallic road deck
negative lift in strong wind conditions.
• MASTS
• The 7 masts, each 87 meters high, and weighing
around 700 tones are set on top of the concrete
pylons. Between each of them, 7 stays (metal cables)
are anchored, providing support for the road deck.
• CABLE STAYS
• Each mast of the Viaduct is equipped with a monoaxial layer
of 11 pairs of cable-stays laid face to face. Depending on
their length, the cable stays were made of 55 to 91 high
tensile steel cables or strands, themselves formed of 11
strands of steel. Each strand has triple protection
against corrosion (galvanization, a coating of petroleum
wax, and an extruded polyethylene sheath). The exterior
envelope of the stays is itself coated along its entire length
with a double helical weather-strip. The idea is to avoid
running water and vibration in the stays by the high winds Mast Cable stays
and compromise the stability of the viaduct. s

• ROAD SURFACE
• To allow for deformations of the metal road deck under
traffic, a special surface of modified bitumen was installed by
research teams from Apia company. The surface is somewhat
flexible to adapt to deformations in the steel deck without
cracking, but it must nevertheless have sufficient strength to Deformation in road surface
withstand motorway conditions (fatigue, density, texture,
adherence, anti-rutting etc.). The 'ideal formula' was found
after two years of research.