Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Meso American Civilization
The Meso American Civilization
a. According to their
legends, the Aztec's
place of origin was
Aztlán.
b. It is generally thought
that Aztlán was
somewhere to the north
of the Valley of Mexico;
some experts have
placed it as far north as
the Southwestern
United States.
2. It appears that the Mexicans arrived at
Chapultepec in or around the year 1248 AD.
a. At the time of their arrival, the Valley of Mexico contained
many city-states, like Culhuacan & Azcapotzalco.
b. According to Aztec legend, the Aztecs were shown a vision
of an eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus, clutching a
snake in its talons.
c. This vision indicated that this was the location where they
were to build their home.
d. The Aztecs arrived on a small swampy island in Lake
Texcoco where they founded the town of Tenochtitlan in
1325.
e. In 1376, the Mexicas elected their first Huey Tlatoani,
Acamapichtli, who was living in Texcoco at the time.
3. The Aztecs is a collective term used for all of the Pre-
Columbian Mesoamerican peoples under the
control of the Mexica, founders of Tenochtitlan, &
their two principal allies, who built an extensive
empire in the late Post-classic period in the 14th,
15th & 16th centuries in Central Mexico.
4. The nucleus of the Aztec Empire was the Valley of
Mexico, where their capital Tenochtitlan was built
upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco.
a. After the 1521 conquest of Tenochtitlan by
Spanish forces and their allies which brought
about the effective end of Aztec dominion,
b. The Spanish founded the new settlement of
Mexico City on the site of the now-ruined Aztec
capital.
c. The capital of the modern-day nation of Mexico,
the greater metropolitan area of Mexico City
now covers much of the Valley of Mexico and
the now-drained Lake of Texcoco.
5. Aztec culture had rich & complex
mythological & religious traditions.
a. For Europeans, the most striking element of the
Aztec culture was the practice of human
sacrifice which was conducted throughout
Mesoamerica prior to the Spanish conquest.
b. While human sacrifice was practiced throughout
Mesoamerica, under the Aztecs this practice to
an unprecedented level. Ex., for the
reconsecration of Great Pyramid of
Tenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs reported that
they sacrificed 84,400 prisoners in four days,.
Human Sacrificed
The Inca Empire
The Incas
1. The Incas had various origin myths. These myths
have been transmitted via oral tradition, since the
Incas did not develop writing.
2. The Inca people began as a tribe in the Cuzco
area around the 12th century.
a. Under the leadership of Manco Capac, they
formed the small city-state of Cuzco.
b. In 1438 they began a far-reaching expansion
under the command of Sapa Inca Pachacuti.
c. Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom into an
empire, a federalist system which consisted of a
central government with the Inca at its head
d. Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his
empire; they brought reports on the political
organization, military might & wealth.
3. The most powerful figure in the empire was
the Sapa Inca ('the unique Inca').
a. Only descendants of the original Inca tribe
ever ascended to the level of Inca.
b. Most young members of the Inca's family
attended Yachay Wasis (houses of
knowledge) to obtain their education.
c. There were separate chains of command for
both the military and religious institutions,
which created a system of partial checks and
balances on power.
4. Architecture was by far the most important of the
Inca arts, with pottery and textiles reflecting motifs
that were at their height in architecture.
a. The breathtaking site of Machu Picchu was
constructed by Inca engineers.
b. Amaranth was one of the staple foods of the Incas,
and it is known as kiwicha in the Andes today.
c. Native Americans were responsible for some of the
world’s most prolific crops, including tomatoes,
peppers, lima beans, ancient ancestors to modern
squash and, most importantly, the potato.
d. Maize (Corn) was also deeply integrated into Inca
agriculture and daily life.