EYES AND CAMERA

LARISHA FRIXIE M. DANLAG

ANA GISPERT
The eye
The eye is the sense organ that allows us to see. Some people
develop vision defects as a result of being unable to focus light
from objects onto the retina. These can be corrected using
lenses placed in front of the eye, but an optometrist must
determine the power of the lens required.
The eye
Component parts of the eye
Part Description
Cornea Tough, transparent covering over the
front part of the eye. Convex in shape.
Iris Coloured part of the eye that contains
muscles. These relax or contract to
adjust the size of the pupil.
Pupil Hole in the middle of the iris.
Lens Transparent, bi-convex, flexible disc
behind the iris. It is attached to the
ciliary muscles by the suspensory
ligaments.
Ciliary Muscles connected to the lens by
muscles suspensory ligaments.
Suspensory Connect the ciliary muscles to the lens
ligaments and hold the lens in place.
Retina The lining of the back of eye containing
two types of light receptor cells. Rods
are sensitive to dim light and black and
white. Cones are sensitive to colour.
The optic nerve carries impulses from the retina to the brain.
Function
Refracts light as it enters the eye
(by a fixed amount).
Controls how much light enters
the pupil.
Allows light to pass through as it
enters the eye.
Refracts light to focus it onto the
retina. The amount of refraction
can be adjusted by altering the
thickness and curvature of the
lens.
Adjust the shape of the lens to
make it more or less curved, so
as to increase or decrease the
refraction of light.
Slacken or stretch as the ciliary
muscles contract or relax, to
adjust the thickness and
curvature of the lens.
Contains the light receptors,
which trigger electrical impulses
to be sent to the brain when light
is detected.
Accommodation
The eye can alter the shape and curvature of the lens to adjust the
degree of refraction. This is called accommodation. It allows light to be
focused onto the retina from near or distant objects.
Accommodation is achieved by the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary
muscles, which slacken or stretch the suspensory ligaments. You can see
how this works in the animation.
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 The table summarises how accommodation works.

Object Ciliary Suspensory Muscle tension on the Lens shape

muscles ligaments lens

Near Contracted Slackened Low Fat, more

curved

Distant Relaxed Stretched High Thin, less

curved

How light goes into the eye at different distances

Range of vision
The near point is the closest an object can be from the eye without the
object appearing blurred. If an object is brought closer to the eye than the
near point, the lens cannot become sufficiently curved to refract the
diverging rays to focus them onto the retina. For someone with normal
vision, the near point is 25 cm.
•Someone with long sight can see distant objects clearly, but their point is
further away than 25 cm. This means they cannot focus properly on
objects.
The far point is the furthest an object can be from the eye without it
appearing blurred. The eye of someone without vision defects is able to
clearly focus on distant objects at infinity. This is because the light rays
arrive parallel to each other.
•Someone with short sight can see near objects clearly, but their far point is
closer than infinity. This means they cannot focus properly on distant
objects.
The distance between the near point and the far point is called the range
of vision.
Comparison between the eye and a camera
Cameras are devices that focus light onto a photosensitive surface using
a converging lens. They have some similarities to the eye.

Cross section of a camera

Like the eye, the image produced by a camera

is diminished, inverted and real.
Camera part Function in the camera Structure in the eye
performing a similar
role

Lens To focus light onto the photosensitive surface Lens - which focuses light
at the back of the camera. This can either be onto the retina.
photographic film or a CCD (charge-coupled
device).

Focusing screw Allows the user to adjust the focus for nearer Ciliary muscles - which
or more distant objects. stretch or slacken the
suspensory ligaments to
adjust the shape of the
lens

Aperture Allows the user to adjust the amount of light Iris - which adjusts the
entering the camera in different light amount of light entering
conditions. the eye through the pupil.

Shutter Allows the user to adjust the length of time Not applicable (although
that light enters the camera, which controls we do have eyelids).
the amount of light to which the
photosensitive surface is exposed.

Photosensitive Detects and records the light which is Retina - which detects
surface focused onto it. This can be light and converts it into
on photographic film, but digital cameras electrical impulses which
use CCDs which convert light into electrical are sent to the brain.
signals which can be stored.
One key difference between a camera and the eye is that a camera
does not focus light onto the photosensitive surface by adjusting the
shape of the lens. Instead, the focusing screws move the lens
forwards or backwards in order to focus the image onto the
photosensitive surface.
Correcting vision defects
Short sight
Someone with short sight can see near objects clearly, but their far
point is closer than infinity. This means they cannot focus properly on
distant objects.
Short sight is caused by one of the following:
•The eyeball being elongated - so that the distance between the lens and
the retina is too great.
•The lens being too thick and curved - so that light is focused in front of
the retina.
Short-sightedness can be corrected by placing a diverging lens in front of
the eye, as shown in the diagrams below.
Myopia - short-sightedness

Concave lens cures short-sightedness

Long sight
Someone with long sight can see distant objects clearly, but their near point is further
away than 25 cm. This means they cannot focus properly on near objects.
Long sight is caused by one of the following:
•The eyeball being too short - so the distance between the lens and retina
is too small.
•A loss of elasticity in the lens - meaning it cannot become fat enough to
focus (which is often age-related).
As a result, the lens focuses light behind the retina instead of onto it.
Long-sightedness is corrected by putting a converging lens in front of the
eye, as shown in the diagrams below.
An image passing through an eye lens and focusing behind the retina equates to long-sightedness (Hypermetropia)

A convex lens corrects long-sightedness, allowing an image to focus on the retina

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