SECOND GENERATION

YEAR 1947-1962
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTER
 used transistors instead of vacuum
tubes which were more reliable.
1947: TRANSISTORS
 transfers electronic signals through resistors.
 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and
William Shockley invented the first transistor.
 Dec. 3, 1947
1948: SSEM (SMALL-SCALE
EXPERIMENTAL MACHINE)
First high-speed electronic random access
memory for computers.
 first program in history to run on a computer
June 21, 1948
 also known as “Manchester Baby”.
 designed by Frederic Williams, and built by
his protégée, Tom Kilburn, with the assistance
of Geoff Tootill.
1949: EDSAC, ELECTRONIC DELAY
STORAGE AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR
 second stored-program computer made by
the British.
 performed its first calculation on May 6,
1949.
1951: THE UNIVAC 1
 first digital computer invented by Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
 used to calculate company payrolls, sales
records, analysis of sales performance and other
company business.
 delivered on June 14, 1951
1952: “OXO”
First graphical computer game of tic-tac-toe
on an EDSAC
Alexander Sandy Douglas
1953: “701”
International Business Machines (IBM) introduced
701.
First electric computer and the first mass-
produced computer.
April 7, 1953
1955: WHIRLWIND MACHINE
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
introduced Whirlwind machine.
First digital computer with magnetic core
RAM and real-time graphics.
1956: DIRECT KEYBOARD
 Doug Ross
 a Flexowriter -- an electrically-controlled
typewriter -- connected to an MIT computer
could function as a keyboard input device due
to its low cost and flexibility.
RAMAC, RANDOM-ACCESS METHOD
OF ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL

First computer to be shipped with hard

drive.
1960: PROGRAMMED DATA
PROCESSOR, PDP-1
Introduced by Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC).
A mainframe computer famous for its low
costs.
1961: IBM 1400 SERIES
First computer in the series was IBM 1401.
replaces earlier vacuum tube technology with
smaller, more reliable transistors.
Contained many peripherals and a new high-
speed printer.
1962: CARD RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY (CRAM)
 Used as a secondary storage for NCR
mainframes.
IBM 1311 DISK STORAGE DRIVE
first disk drive IBM made with a removable
disk pack.
October 11, 1962
THANK YOU!