By:Karthikeya Pothureddy

Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was an
English physicist and nobel laureate in physics credited with the
discovery and identification of the electron; and with the discovery of
the first subatomic Particle.
 Thomson realized that the accepted model of an atom did not account for negatively or
positively charged particles. Therefore, he proposed a model of the atom which he likened to
plum pudding. The negative electrons represented the raisins in the pudding and the dough
contained the positive charge.
 In 1897, Thomson set out to prove that the cathode rays produced from the cathode
were actually a stream of negatively charged particles called electrons. From
Maxwell's theory, he knew that charged particles could be deflected in a magnetic
field.
 In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the by experimenting with a Crookes, or cathode
ray, tube. He demonstrated that cathode rays were negatively charged. In
addition, he also studied positively charged particles in neon gas. Thomson realized
that the accepted model of an atom did not account for negatively or positively
charged particles. Therefore, he proposed a model of the atom which he likened to
plum pudding. The negative electrons represented the raisins in the pudding and
the dough contained the positive charge. Thomson's model of the atom did explain
some of the electrical properties of the atom due to the electrons, but failed to
recognize the positive charges in the atom as particles.J.J Thomson discovered the
electron in the late 1890s
 Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, (30 August 1871 – 19 October
1937) was a New Zealand-born British physicist who came to be Known as the
father of nuclear physics.Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the
greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
 The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford
directed the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment in 1909 which suggested, upon Rutherford's
1911 analysis, that J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom was incorrect.
Rutherford's new model for the atom, based on the experimental results, contained the new
features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in
comparison to the rest of the atom and with this central volume also containing the bulk of
the atomic mass of the atom. This region would be known as the "nucleus" of the atom.
 Electrons were chunks of plum distributed through a positively charged sphere of pudding. In 1911, Ernest
Rutherford performed an experiment to test the plum pudding model. He fired energetic a [He2+] particles at
a foil, and measured the deflection of the particles as they came out the other side.
 Rutherford’s result lead him to believe that most of the foil was made of empty space, but had extremely
small, dense lumps of matter inside.With this experiment, Rutherford discovered the nucleus.This experiment
is called the gold foil experiment.
Rutherford overturned Thomson's model in 1911 with his
well-known gold foil experiment in which he demonstrated
that the atom has a tiny and heavy
nucleus.Rutherford designed an experiment to use the alpha
particles emitted by a radioactive element as probes to the
unseen world of atomic structure.Ernest Rutherford
discovered the proton in 1909 and the nucleus in 1911.
 Sir James Chadwick,(20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was a British physicist who was awarded
the 1935 nobel prize in physics for his discovery in neutron in 1932. In 1941, he wrote the final
draft of the Maud report which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atomic
bomb research efforts. He was the head of the British team that worked on the manhattan
project during the Second World War. He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements
in physics.
 Until 1932, the atom was believed to be composed of a positively charged nucleus
surrounded by negatively charged electrons. In 1932, James Chadwick bombarded
beryllium atoms with alpha particles. An unknown radiation was produced.
 James Chadwick was assigned the task of tracking down evidence of Rutherford's tightly
bound "proton-electron pair" or neutron. In 1930 it was discovered that Beryllium, when
bombarded by alpha particles, emitted a very energetic stream of radiation. In 1935, he was
awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery.
James Chadwick played a vital role in the atomic theory, as he
discovered the Neutron in atoms. Neutrons are located in the
center of an atom, in the nucleus along with the protons. They
have neither a positive nor negative charge, but contribute the
the atomic weight with the same effect as a proton.James
Chadwick proved that neutrons exist in 1932.